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Gary L. Cromwell, Ph. D.
Professor, Swine Nutrition, Coordinator
of Swine Section
Department of Animal Sciences
University of Kentucky
609 W.P. Garrigus Building
Lexington, KY 40546-0215
Phone: (859) 257-7534
Fax: (859) 323-1027
E-mail: gcromwel@uky.edu
Education
1967, Ph. D., Purdue University (Animal
Nutrition)
1965, M.S., Purdue University (Animal Nutrition)
1960, B. S., Kansas State University (Agricultural Education)
Professional Experience
1976-present, Professor of Animal Sciences,
University of Kentucky
1970-1976, Associate Professor of Animal Sciences, University
of Kentucky
1967-1970, Assistant Professor of Animal Sciences, University
of Kentucky
1960-1964, Vocational Agriculture Instructor, Labette County
Community High School, Altamont, Kansas
Raised on a wheat and general livestock
farm near Salina, Kansas
Research and Professional Activities
Swine nutrition research with emphasis in
mineral bioavailability and requirements, amino acid requirements,
evaluation of feed ingredients, and efficacy and safety of feed
additives.
Former President of the American Society of Animal Science.
Chair of the Committee on Animal Nutrition,
National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences.
Chair of Committee on Swine Nutrition that
wrote National Research Council's 10th edition of "Nutrient
Requirements of Swine" (1998).
Courses Taught
Books and Book Chapters
Cromwell, G.L. Rendered products in swine nutrition. In: Essential
Rendering (D.L. Meeker, Editor) pp. 141-157. National Renderers
Assoc, Alexandria, VA. 2006
Selected Publications
Pettey, L.A., G.L. Cromwell, and M.D. Lindemann.
Estimation of endogenous phosphorus loss in growing and finishing
pigs fed semi-purified diets. Journal of Animal Science 84:618-626.
2006.
Cromwell, G.L. Phosphorus Nutrition of Swine.
pp. 607-634. In: Phosphorus: Agriculture and the Environment
(J. T. Sims and A. N. Sharpley, Editors) American Society of
Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society
of America, Madison, WI. 2005.
Cromwell, G.L. Nutrition: Pigs. In: The Merck
Vet Manual. Merial Publication Service, Duluth, GA. 2004.
Cromwell, G.L. Iron toxicity in newborn pigs.
In: The Merck Vet Manual. Merial Publication Service, Duluth,
GA. 2004.
Cromwell, G.L. Feed supplements: antibiotics.
In: Encyclopedia of Animal Science (W.G. Pond and A.W. Bell,
Eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. 2004.
Jennings, J.C., D.C. Kolwyck, S.B. Kays, A.J. Whetsell, J.B.
Surber, G.L. Cromwell, R.P. Lirette and K.C. Glenn. Determining
whether transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein
are detectable in muscle from swine fed Roundup Ready soybean
meal. Journal of Animal Science 81:1447-1455. 2003.
Cromwell, G.L. 2002.
Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production. pp. 7-27.
IN: L.B. Schook, ed. Animal Biotechnology. Vol 13,No. 1. Marcel
Dekker, Monticello, New York.
Klopfenstein, T., R. Angel,
G.L. Cromwell, G.E. Ericckson, D.G. Fox, C. Parsons,
L.D. Satter, and A.L. Sutton. 2002. Animal Diet Modification
to Decrease the Potential for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution.
Coun-cil for Agricultural Science and Technology Issue Paper
No. 21, June, CAST, Ames, Iowa.
Meyer, T.A.,
M.D. Lindemann, G.L. Cromwell, H.J. Monegue, and
N. Inocencio. 2002. Effects of pharmacological levels of zinc
as zinc oxideon fecal zinc and mineral excretion in weanling
pigs. Professional Animal Scientist 18:162-168.
Van de Ligt, C.P.A., M.D.
Lindemann, and G.L. Cromwell. 2002. Assessment of chromium
tripicolinate supplementation and dietary energy level and source
on growth, carcass, and blood criteria in growing pigs. Journal
of Animal Science 80:483-493.
Cromwell, G.L. 2002.
Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production. Animal
Biotechnology 13:7-27.
Cromwell, G.L., M.D.
Lindemann, J.H. Randolph, G.R. Parker, R.D. Coffey, K.M. Laurent,
C.L. Armstrong, W.B. Mikel, E.P. Stanisiewski, and G.F. Hartnell.
2002. Soybean meal from Roundup Ready® or conventional soybeans
in diets for growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science
80:708-715.
Coffey, R.D.,
and G.L. Cromwell. 2001. Use of spray-dried animal plasma
in diets for weanling pigs. Pig News and Information, 22(2):39N-48N.
Hill, G.M.,
D.C. Mahan, S.D. Carter, G.L. Cromwell, R.C. Ewan, R.L.
Harrold, A.J. Lewis, P.S. Miller, G.C. Shurson, and T.L. Veum,
NCR-42 Committee on Swine Nutrition. 2001. Effect of pharmacological
concentrations of zinc oxide with or without the inclusion of
an antibacterial agent on nursery pig performance. Journal of
Animal Science, 79:934-941.
Traylor,
S.L., G.L. Cromwell, M.D. Lindemann, and D.A. Knabe.
2001. Effects of level of supplemental phytase on ileal digestibility
of amino acids and minerals in soybean meal for pigs. Journal
of Animal Science, 79:2634-2642.
Cromwell,
G.L. History and Significance of NCR-42 and S-145 Swine
Nutrition Committees. 2001.International
Ingredients Nutrition Advisory Board Meeting, St. Louis, Mo.
Cromwell,
G.L. Genetically enhanced corn, soybean meal reduce phosphorus
in pig manure. Kentucky Pork Producers News (January/February,
2001), 15; The Farmer’s Pride 12:28 January 10.
Cromwell,
G.L., and R.D. Coffey. Spray-dried animal plasma in diets
for weanling pigs. Kentucky Pork Producers News (March/April,
2001), 13; The Farmer’s Pride 12:37 March 14.
Cromwell,
G.L. Biological relationships of birth and weaning traits
in pigs. Kentucky Pork Producers News (May/June, 2001), 10;
The Farmer’s Pride 12:47 May 23.
Cromwell,
G.L. Energy requirements for growth and reproduction. Kentucky
Pork Producers News (July/Aug., 2001), 12; The Farmer’s Pride
13:1 July 4.
Hill, G.M., G.L. Cromwell, T.D. Crenshaw, R. Dove, R.C.
Ewan, D.A. Knabe, A.J. Lewis, G.W. Libal, D.C. Mahan, G.C. Shurson,
L.L. Southern, and T.L. Veum, NCR-42 and S-145 Regional Swine
Nutrition Committees. 2000. Growth promotion effects and plasma
changes from feeding high dietary concentrations of zinc and
copper to weanling pigs (regional study). J. Anim. Sci. 78:1010-1016.
Cromwell G.L., T.R. Cline, J.D. Crenshaw, T.D. Crenshaw,
R.A. Easter, R.C. Ewan, C.R. Hamilton, G.M. Hill, A.J. Lewis,
D.C. Mahan, J.L. Nelssen, J.E. Pettigrew, T.L. Veum, and J.T.
Yen, NCR-42 Committee on Swine Nutrition. 2000. Variability
among sources and laboratories in analyses of wheat middlings.
J. Anim. Sci. 78:2653-2658.
Cromwell, G.L., S.L. Traylor, M.D. Lindemann, H.L. Stilborn,
T.E. Sauber, and D.W. Rice. 2000. Bioavailability of phosphorus
in low-oligosaccharide, low-phytate soybean meal for chicks.
Abst. S199, Southern Poult. Sci. Soc., Atlanta, GA, Jan 17-18.
Cromwell, G.L., S.L. Traylor, M.D. Lindemann, T.E. Sauber,
and D.W. Rice. 2000. Bioavailability of phosphorus in low-oligosaccharide,
low-phytate soybean meal for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):71.
Cromwell, G.L., S.L. Traylor, L.A. White, E.G. Xavier,
M.D. Lindemann, T.E. Sauber, and D.W. Rice. 2000. Effects of
low-phytate corn and low-oligosaccharide, low-phytate soybean
meal in diets on performance, bone traits, and phosphorus excretion
by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):72.
Traylor, S.L., G.L. Cromwell, M.S. Plunkett, M.D. Lindemann,
and D.A. Knabe. 2000. Effects of level of phytase on ileal digestibility
of calcium, phosphorus, crude protein, and amino acids in dehulled
soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):169.
Cromwell, G.L., E.G. Xavier, L.W.O. Souza, S.L. Traylor,
L.A. White, M.D. Lindemann, T.E. Sauber, H.L. Stilborn, and
D.W. Rice. 2000. Nutritional value of soybean meal from genetically
enhanced low-oligosaccharide, low phytate soybeans for pigs
and chicks. Abstr. PII 06, Proc. Soy 2000, 8th Biennial
Conf. Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Soybean, August
13-16, Lexington, KY.
Cromwell, G.L. 2000. Antimicrobial and Promicrobial Agents.
pp. 401- 426. IN: A.J. Lewis and L.L. Southern, eds. Swine
Nutrition, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Mooney, K.W. and G.L. Cromwell. 1999. Efficacy of chromium
picolinate on performance and tissue accretion in pigs with
different lean gain potential. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1188-1198.
Carter, S.D., G.L. Cromwell, G. Colombo, and P. Fanti.
1999. Effects of porcine somatotropin on calcium and phosphorus
balance and markers of bone metabolism in finishing pigs. J.
Anim. Sci. 77:2163-2171.
Cromwell, G.L. 1999. A review of the new NRC publication
- Nutrient requirements of swine. Pig News Info. 20:3:69N-76N.
Cromwell G.L., C.C. Calvert, T.R. Cline, J.D. Crenshaw,
T.D. Crenshaw, R.A. Easter, R.C. Ewan, C.R. Hamilton, G.M. Hill,
A.J. Lewis, D.C. Mahan, E.R. Miller, J.L. Nelssen, J.E. Pettigrew,
L.F. Tribble, T.L. Veum, and J.T. Yen, NCR-42 Committee on Swine
Nutrition. 1999. Variability among sources and laboratories
in nutrient analyses of corn and soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci.
77:3262-3273.
Cromwell, G.L., L.W. Turner, R.S. Gates, J.L. Taraba,
M.D. Lindemann, S.L. Traylor, W.A. Dozier III, and H.J. Monegue.
1999. Manipulation of swine diets to reduce gaseous emissions
from manure that contribute to odor. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl.
1):69.
Dozier III, W.A., G.L. Cromwell, A.J. Lewis, and R.M.
Diedrichsen. 1999. Effects of dietary lysine and porcine somatotropin
on the amino acid composition of whole body protein and accretion
rate of whole body lysine in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl.
1):180.
Cromwell, G.L., M.D. Lindemann, J.R. Randolph, H.J.
Monegue, K.M. Laurent, and G.R. Parker. 1999. Efficacy of betaine
as a carcass modifier in finishing pigs fed normal and reduced
energy diets. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):179.
Cromwell, G.L. and H.J. Monegue. 1998. Tribasic copper
chloride and copper sulfate as copper sources for weanling pigs.
J. Anim. Sci. 76:118-123.
Carter, S.D. and G.L. Cromwell. 1998. Influence of porcine
somatotropin on the phosphorus requirements of finishing pigs.
I. Performance and bone characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 76:584-595.
Carter, S.D. and G.L. Cromwell. 1998. Influence of porcine
somatotropin on the phosphorus requirements of finishing pigs.
II. Carcass characteristics, tissue accretion rates, and chemical
composition of the ham. J. Anim. Sci. 76:596-605.
Cromwell, G.L., J.L. Pierce, H.L. Stilborn, D.W. Rice,
D.S. Ertl, and V. Raboy. 1998. Bioavailability of phosphorus
in low-phytic acid corn for chick. Poult. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):117.
Cromwell, G.L., J.L. Pierce, T.E. Sauber, D.W. Rice,
D.S. Ertl, and V. Raboy. 1998. Bioavailability of phosphorus
in low-phytic acid corn for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 76(Suppl.
2):54.
Traylor, S.L., G.L. Cromwell, and M.D. Lindemann. 1998.
Bioavailability of phosphorus in meat and bone meal for growing
pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 76(Suppl. 2):55.
Pierce, J.L., G.L. Cromwell, and V. Raboy. 1998. Nutritional
value of low-phytic acid corn for finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci.
76(Suppl. 1):177.
Carter, S.D., G.L. Cromwell, T.R. Combs, G. Colombo,
and P. Fanti. 1996. The determination of serum concentrations
of osteocalcin in growing pigs and its relationship to standard
indices of bone integrity. J. Anim. Sci. 74:2719-2729.
Cromwell, G.L., R.D. Coffey, G.R. Parker, H.J. Monegue,
and J.H. Randolph. 1995. Efficacy of a recombinant-derived phytase
in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in corn-soybean
meal diets for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2000-2008.
Coffey, R.D. and G.L. Cromwell. 1995. The impact of environment
and antimicrobial agents on the growth response of early-weaned
pigs to spray-dried porcine plasma. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2532-2539.
Bridges, T.C., L.W. Turner, G.L. Cromwell, and J.L. Pierce.
1995. Modeling the effects of diet formulation on nitrogen and
phosphorus excretion in swine waste. Applied Engineering in
Agriculture 11(5):731-739.
Mooney, K.W. and G.L. Cromwell. 1995. Effects of dietary
chromium picolinate supplementation on growth, carcass characteristics,
and accretion rates of carcass tissues in growing-finishing
swine. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3351-3357.
Cromwell, G.L., T.R. Cline, J.D. Crenshaw, T.D. Crenshaw,
R.C. Ewan, C.R. Hamilton, A.J. Lewis, D.C. Mahan, E.R. Miller,
J.E. Pettigrew, L.F. Tribble and T.L. Veum. NCR-42 Committee
on Swine Nutrition. 1993. The dietary protein and(or) lysine
requirements of barrows and gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 71:1510-1519.
Cromwell, G.L., H.J. Monegue, and T.S. Stahly. 1993.
Long-term effects of feeding a high copper diet to sows during
gestation and lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2996-3002.
Cromwell, G.L., J.H. Brendemuhl, L.I. Chiba, T.R. Cline,
T.R. Crenshaw, C.R. Dove, R.A. Easter, R.C. Ewan, K.C. Ferrell,
C.R. Hamilton, G.M. Hill, J.D. Hitchcock, E.T. Kornegay, D.A.
Knabe, A.J. Lewis, G.W. Libal, M.D. Lindemann, D.C. Mahan, C.V.
Maxwell, J.C. McConnell, J.L. Nelssen, J.E. Pettigrew, L.L.
Southern, T.L. Veum and J.T. Yen. North Central Region Committee
on Swine Nutrition (NCR-42) and Southern Regional Committee
on Nutritional Systems for Swine to Increase Reproductive Efficiency
(S-288). Variability in mixing efficiency and laboratory analyses
of a common diet mixed at 25 experiment stations. Journal of
Animal Science 81:484-491. 2003.
Abstracts
Kim, B.G., M.D. Lindemann, G.L. Cromwell and
M. Rademacher. Efficacy of liquid DL-methionine hydroxyl analog
free acid and DL-methionine as methionine sources for pigs.
Journal of Animal Science 83(Suppl. 2):66. 2005.
Balfagon, A., M.D. Lindemann, G.L. Cromwell
and G. Keller. Evaluation of yeast culture concentrates in weanling
pig diets. Journal of Animal Science 83(Suppl. 1):35. 2005
Kim, B.G., M.D. Lindemann, G.L. Cromwell and
M. Rademacher. Efficacy of liquid DL-methionine hydroxyl analog
free acid and DL-methionine as methionine sources for pigs.
Journal of Animal Science 83(Suppl. 2):66. 2005.
Hill, G.M., S.K. Baidoo, G.L. Cromwell, D.C.
Mahan, J.L. Nelssen and H.H. Stein. Evaluation of gender and
lysine during the nursery period. Journal of Animal Science
83(Suppl. 1):212. 2005.
Cromwell, G.L. and B.G. Kim. A spreadsheet
program for identifying the limiting amino acids in various
combinations of feed ingredients for swine. Journal of Animal
Science 83(Suppl. 1):162. 2005.
Balfagon, A., M.D. Lindemann, G.L. Cromwell
and G. Keller. Evaluation of yeast culture concentrates in weanling
pig diets. Journal of Animal Science 83(Suppl. 1):35. 2005
Agudelo, J.H., M.D. Lindemann, M.C. Newman, G.L. Cromwell
and R.D. Nimmo. Effects of long term feeding of virginiamycin
in growing-finishing pigs fed phosphorus deficient diets. Journal
of Animal Science 83(Suppl. 2):63. 2005.
Agudelo, J.H., M.D. Lindemann, G.L. Cromwell
and R.D. Nimmo. Virginiamycin improves phosphorus digestibility
in growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83(Suppl.
2):77. 2005.
Pettey, L.A., G.L. Cromwell and M.D. Lindemann. Phosphorus
balance in growing pigs fed semi-purified diets adequate or
low in dietary phosphorus. Journal of Animal Science 81(Suppl.
2):61. 2003.
Pettey, L.A., G.L. Cromwell and M.D. Lindemann. Whole
body composition and phosphorus accretion in growing pigs. Journal
of Animal Science 81(Suppl. 2):61. 2003.
Xavier, E.G., G.L. Cromwell and M.D. Lindemann. Efficacy
of phytase in diets containing high- and low-phytate corn and
high- and low-phytate soybean meal. Journal of Animal Science
81(Suppl. 2):63. 2003.
Xavier, E.G., G.L. Cromwell and M.D. Lindemann. Phytase
additions to conventional or low-phytate corn-soybean meal diets
on performance, bone traits, and phosphorus excretion of growing
pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81(Suppl. 1):100. 2003.
Xavier, E.G., G.L. Cromwell and M.D. Lindemann. Phytase
additions to conventional or low-phytate corn-soybean meal diets
on phosphorus balance in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science
81(Suppl. 1):258. 2003.
Lindemann, M.D., G.L. Cromwell, J.H. Agudelo and K.W.
Purser. Effect of chromium source on tissue retention of chromium
in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81(Suppl. 2):67. 2003.
Meyer, T.A., M.D. Lindemann, K.K. Schillo and G.L. Cromwell.
Effect of altered dietary n6/n3 fatty acid ratios and endotoxin
injection on performance and immune parameters in nursery pigs.
Journal of Animal Science 81(Suppl. 2):77. 2003.
de Souza, A.L., M.D. Lindemann and G.L. Cromwell. Exogenous
enzyme effects on the digestibility of gestation-lactation swine
diets. Journal of Animal Science 81(Suppl. 1):17. 2003.
Agudelo, J.H., M.D. Lindemann, G.L. Cromwell and R.D.
Nimmo. Virginiamycin influences mineral digestibility of pigs.
Journal of Animal Science 81(Suppl. 2):82. 2003.
Meyer, T.A., M.D. Lindemann, S.T. Franklin, M.L. Vickers, H.J.
Monegue and G.L. Cromwell. Effects of n6/n3 fatty acid
ratios in young pig diets on performance and immune function.
Journal of Animal Science 81(Suppl. 1):47. 2003.
Refereed Journal Articles
Mahan, D.C., E.P. Berg, J.H. Brendemuhl, S.D. Carter, L.I.
Chiba, T.D. Crenshaw, G.L. Cromwell, C.R. Dove,
A.F. Harper, G.M. Hill, G.R. Hollis, S.W. Kim, M.D. Lindemann,
C.V. Maxwell, P.S. Miller, J.L. Nelssen, B.T. Richert, G.C.
Shurson, L.L. Southern, T.S. Stahly, H.H. Stein, E. van Heugten
and J.T. Yen. North Central Regional Committee on Swine Nutrition
(NCR-42) and Southern Regional Committee on Nutritional Systems
for Swine to Increase Reproductive Efficiency (S-1012). Comparison
of dietary selenium fed to grower-finisher pigs from various
regions of the United States on resulting tissue Se and loin
mineral concentrations. Journal of Animal Science 83:852-857.
2005
Traylor, S.L., G.L.
Cromwell and M.D. Lindemann. Bioavailability of phosphorus
in meat and bone meal for swine. Journal of Animal Science 83:1054-1061.
2005
Traylor, S.L., G.L.
Cromwell and M.D. Lindemann. Effects of particle size,
ash content, and processing pressure on the bioavailability
of phosphorus in meat and bone meal for swine. Journal of Animal
Science 83:2554-2563. 2005.
Pierce, J.L., G.L.
Cromwell, M.D. Lindemann, L.E. Russell and E.M. Weaver.
Effects of spray-dried animal plasma and immunoglobins on performance
of early weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83:2876-2885.
2005.
Mahan, D.C., E.P.
Berg, J.H. Brendemuhl, S.D. Carter, L.I. Chiba, T.D. Crenshaw,
G.L. Cromwell, C.R. Dove, A.F. Harper, G.M.
Hill, G.R. Hollis, S.W. Kim, M.D. Lindemann, C.V. Maxwell, P.S.
Miller, J.L. Nelssen, B.T. Richert, G.C. Shurson, L.L. Southern,
T.S. Stahly, H.H. Stein, E. van Heugten and J.T. Yen. North
Central Regional Committee on Swine Nutrition (NCR-42) and Southern
Regional Committee on Nutritional Systems for Swine to Increase
Reproductive Efficiency (S-1012). Comparison of dietary selenium
fed to grower-finisher pigs from various regions of the United
States on resulting tissue Se and loin mineral concentrations.
Journal of Animal Science 83:852-857. 2005
Hollis, G.R., S.D.
Carter, T.R. Cline, R.D. Crenshaw, G.L. Cromwell,
G.M. Hill, S.W. Kim, A.J. Lewis, D.C. Mahan, P.S. Miller, H.H.
Stein and T.L. Veum. Effects of replacing pharmacological levels
of dietary zinc oxide with lower dietary levels of various organic
zinc sources for weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83:2123-2129.
2005.
Cromwell,
G.L., B.J. Henry, A.L. Scott, M.F. Gerngross, D.L.
Dusek and D.W. Fletcher. Glufosinate herbicide-tolerant (LibertyLink)
rice vs. conventional rice in diets for growing-finishing swine.
Journal of Animal Science 83:1068-1074. 2005
Other Research – Nonrefereed (Conferences and Symposia)
Cromwell, G.L. Micro-mineral nutrition in
monogastrics: copper and zinc. Proc. Western Nutrition Conf.,
Calgary, AB, Canada, September 21-23, pp. 67-75. 2005.
Cromwell, G.L. and G.F. Hartnell. Animal nutrition
studies on biotechnology-derived foods/crops. Proceedings 11th
Animal Science Congress. Asian-Australian Association of Animal
Production Societies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. September 5-9,
2004.
Cromwell, G.L. Identifying the limiting amino
acids in complex and cereal grain-based diets to minimize nitrogen
excretion. Proceedings Midwest Swine Nutrition Conference, Indianapolis,
IN, August 31, 2004. pp. 69-83. 2004.
Cromwell, G.L. Update on phytase utilization in swine.
Proceedings of the Roche Pre-Conference Symposium, Eastern Canadian
Nutrition Conf., Quebec City. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Cambridge,
Ontario, pp. 29-45. 2003.
Cromwell, G.L. and G.F Hartnell. Animal nutrition studies
on biotechnology-derived foods/crops. Symposium on Design and
Conduct of Studies for the Assessment of Foods/Crops Derive
from Biotechnology. Proceedings of the International Food Technology
Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, July 12-16, p.206. 2003.
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