1	DEER CONTROL in VINEYARDS Dr. S. Kaan Kurtural Department of Horticulture University of Kentucky
2	Negative Connotations of Deer Overpopulation leads to high frequency deer/vehicle accidents Excessive agricultural crop damage Health concerns for humans and livestock Difficult social and political problem as well as biological and logistical one (Disney movies)
3	Problems with Deer in Vineyards
4	Control methods Scare devices Repellents Off-season shooting High tensile electric fencing Regulated hunting during deer season
5	Scare devices Gas exploders Detonate at regular intervals Effective for only 1 to 2 weeks Temporary control
6	Repellents Chemical formulations Common repellents
7	Chemical repellents Contact and Area Contact repellents Most effective on dormant vines Reduces palatability Area repellents Border applications Applications near plants
8	Chemical repellents Hinder (15% Ammonium soaps) Registered for use on edible crops Two to four week protection Deer Away (37% egg solids) Prior to flowering and after harvest 85% to 100% effective in field studies
9	Common repellents Tankage Slaughterhouse by-product Hang in cloth bags every 4’ around perimeter 50 lbs bag = $20 will cover 2 acres Bar soap Ordinary bar soap suspended from trellis Barber hair Barber hair suspended from trellis
10	FENCING Points to consider History of the area: Deer numbers and movement Deer pressure: Number of deer and level of dependence on agricultural crops Crop value: Perennial crops such as vines Field size: practical for areas < 40 acres Cost benefit analyses: Weigh the value of crop vs. acreage to be protected Rapidly changing technology
11	Temporary Fencing Easy to construct Off the shelf items Installed at first sign of damage Require weekly inspection Cost varies 10 cents – 15 cents/foot excluding labor
12	Temporary fencing Peanut Butter Fence Effective for small sized vineyards For moderate deer pressure Nose-to-fence contact due to peanut butter attraction Cost: 10 cents/foot excluding labor
13	Peanut Butter Fence
14	Permanent Fencing High tensile electric fencing Year round protection Construction guidelines Frequent inspection and maintenance required 20-30 year life expectancy
15	Permanent Fencing Offset Fence Moderate deer pressure Shock and three dimensional configuration Cost: 35 cents per foot excluding labor
16	Offset Fence
17	Permanent Fencing Vertical Deer Fence For moderate to high deer pressure Smaller foot-print than the Offset Fence Deer tend to jump over if not high enough Cost: $0.75 – $1.50 per foot excluding labour
18	Vertical Deer Fence
19	Permanent Fencing Slanted Seven-Wire Deer Fence High to Very High Deer pressure Moderate to Large Size Vineyards Physical and physiological barrier to deer Electric shock and three-dimensional nature Cost: $1.50 to $2.00/foot
20	Slanted Seven-Wire Deer Fence
21	Fencing Tips Use fibreglass or treated wood posts 11 to 14 gauge wire High quality fence chargers Lightening arrestors or diverters Fence gates ??? Try to minimize corners Install grounding systems and fence charger before construction. Energize completed parts to gain early protection Identify fence by flags etc.
22	Bird Control Strategies I will see you outside !!
23	Source of Supplies Scare Devices Margo Supplies Ltd. Rt. 6, Site 8; Box 2, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2M4L5 phone:403 285-9731 Reed-Joseph Internationl Co., P.O. Box 894, Greenville, MS 38702 phone:800 647-5554
24	Source of Supplies Repellents Hinder – Pace International Leffingwell Div., 111 S. Berry St., P.O. Box 1880, Brea, CA 98621 Phone: 714 529-3973 Deer Away IntAgra Inc., 8500 Pillsbury Ave. S. Minneapolis, MN 55420 Phone: 881-5535
25	Correspondence Information Dr. S. Kaan Kurtural N308D Dept. Horticulture University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40546 859 257 1332 k.kurtural@uky.edu