Understanding Pesticide Labels and Labeling
Pesticide labels and labeling are among the most important documents that pesticide applicators
see. Label refers to the information printed on the product container. Labeling refers to an
information printed on, attached to , or accompanying your purchase. The pesticide user is
legally responsible to follow all label directions.
Under the "Directions for Use" section of the label is usually a statement that reads as follows: It
is Violation of Federal Law to Use This Product in a manner Inconsistent with its Labeling. The
user is personally liable if a pesticide application results in unwanted damage. Chemical
companies are very careful to include disclaimers on their products' labels, which transfers all
risks to the buyers of their products.
A LABEL-- Refers only to information printed on the product container. All labels,
which are essentially the manufacturer's license to sell, provide the important facts about
Distribution, Storage, Sale, Use, Disposal, and Safety measures Required for the Pesticide.
LABELING-- Refers to any information printed on, attached to, or accompanying your
purchase. This may include such things as brochures, leaflets, and information handed out by
your dealer.
What is a Pesticide?
A pesticide, as defined by FIFRA, is "... any substance or mixture of substances intended for
preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed or
any other forms of life declared to be pests; and any substances intended for use as a plant
regulator, defoliant, or desiccant."
Pesticide Registration
Registration of Pesticides is designed to protect people and the environment from abuse of
pesticide use. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947 was primarily a
labeling law and was originally administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It has been
amended several times to increase and expand the protection of users of pesticides, our food and
the environment.
Amendments made in 1972 require that pesticides be classified for either general or restricted
use. Further people who apply restricted use pesticides either commercially or privately are
required to be certified by the respective states.
Data Requirements for Registration
As specified in amended FIFRA, all pesticides must be registered. This includes all pesticides
used in and around the home, swimming pools, businesses, public buildings and in agriculture.
Before any registration is issued, however, the manufacturer (applicant) must submit data to the
Pesticide Registration Division of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) showing that the
product when used as directed:
is effective against the pest(s) listed on the label.
will not injure humans, animals, or crops, or damage the environment
will not result in illegal residues on feed and food
Parts of the label
1. BRAND NAME-- Appears boldly on the label. It is the
name by which the product is advertised.
Common name-- The same chemical may appear on the shelf under several
brand names, but the common name, or chemical name, may be the same. Chemical names may
be complicated, so common names may be used. An example is carbaryl for 1-napthyl
N-methylcarbamate.
2. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS-- Listed by either chemical
name or common name. Must be stated as a percentage by weight or pounds per gallon of
concentrate.
3. INERT INGREDIENTS-- Need not be listed, but percent of
their content must be. Inert ingredients are currently placed into four categories by the EPA.
They include:
Inerts of toxicological concern
Potentially toxic inerts
Inerts of unknown toxicity
Inerts of minimal concern
Types of Formulations-- Pesticides come in different forms: liquids, wettable
powders, dusts, etc. Each form is handled differently, and the label identifies the formulation.
An example is 4E, which means it is an emulsifiable concentrate (E) with 4 pounds of active
ingredient per gallon. Emulsifiable concentrates can also be represented by EC.
Other common types of formulations include:
F, L, or FL Flowables
ULV Ultra Low Volume
D Dusts
B Bails
G Granulars
P or PS Pellets
W or WP Wettable Powders
S or SP Soluble Powders
DF Dry Flowables
WDG Water Dispersible Granules
WDL Water Dispersible Liquids
Other less common formulations include:
AF Aqueous Flowables
AS Aqueous Suspensions
ES Emulsifiable Solutions
MTF Multiple Temperature Formulation
OL Oil-soluble Liquids
SL Slurrys
Microencapsulation Liquid or dry pesticide particles may be surrounded by a plastic
coating to produce a microencapsulated formulation.
Precautionary Statement
4. HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC
ANIMALS--These statements warn you of possible poisoning to humans and animals.
Special precautions, including necessary protective equipment, appear here. If the product
carries serious risk, proper poison treatment is listed.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS-- Warnings here
may include general statements about birds, fish and wildlife or include statements concerning
toxicity to honey bees, surface and groundwater contamination, and endangered species. Label
information on groundwater contamination warns against applying pesticides in situations which
may lead to contamination of groundwater.
6. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL HAZARDS--Warnings
appear here about potential fire, explosion or chemical hazards.
7. DIRECTIONS FOR USE-- Explanation of correct use of the
product. also tells you what pests the product is registered to control, where the product can be
used, when it should be used, how much to use and in what form to use it. This section also says
whether the product is for general or restricted use.
Misuse statement -- You are warned here that if you fail to follow label
directions exactly, you are violating Federal Law.
Worker Protection Standard(WPS)-- Labels of agricultural
pesticides will require compliance with the Worker Protection Standard (WPS). This part of the
label will usually be called "Agricultural Use Requirements." You must comply with ALL the
revised WPS requirements if you are affected by WPS.
8. REENTRY STATEMENT--Some products require that a
person without protective clothing not enter the treated area until a certain time has passed.
Consult local authorities for special rules that may apply.
9. CATEGORY OF APPLICATOR--If required for this
product, this section will limit use to certain categories of commercial applicators.
10. STORAGE AND DISPOSAL DIRECTIONS--Pesticide
labels will have some basic guidelines for pesticide storage, usually recommending that the be
stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from feed and foodstuffs. And different types of
pesticides should be stored separately; herbicides separate from insecticides as an example. The
pesticide storage area should be well marked with warning signs and be locked to prevent
unauthorized entry. Improper disposal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, rinsate or the container
is a violation of Federal law. if these wastes cannot be disposed of according to label directions,
contact the Kentucky Division of Waste management (502) 564- 6716, or the National Pesticide
Telecommunication network (800) 858 - 7378 (24 hour) for guidance.
NOTE: Burning pesticide containers is illegal in Kentucky.
11. STATEMENT OF USE CLASSIFICATION--The label
must show whether the pesticide is for general or restricted use. Use is based on the hazard of
poisoning the way the pesticide is used and its effect on the environment.
General Use--According to FIFRA, a general use pesticide is one that, when
applied according to its directions, will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment.
Restricted Use--Restricted use pesticides have a statement at the top of the
label's front panel saying "Restricted use pesticide for retail sale to and application only by
certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision." According to FIFRA, restricted
use pesticide is one that, when applied according to its directions, may generally cause
unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, including injury to the applicator.
12. SIGNAL WORDS--Signal words, standard by law in the
industry, tell you how severely toxic a pesticide is. The three signal words used on pesticide
labels are DANGER, WARNING, and CAUTION. Pesticides with the signal
word DANGER are most toxic or hazardous and their use is normally restricted. They
will usually have the word "Poison" and the skull and crossbones on the label.
Less toxic pesticides may be given the signal word WARNING if there is a specific
hazard, such as sever skin or eye injury, or a particular danger to the environment. For these, the
word "Poison" or the skull and crossbones is not on the label. Pesticides with the signal word
CAUTION are least toxic to people and are generally less hazardous. Every product
label must have "Keep Out of the Reach of Children" and carry one of the signal words:
Signal Word | Toxicity | Approximate Amount Needed
to Kill the Average Person |
DANGER |
Highly Toxic |
A taste to a teaspoonful of a pesticide in this category could possibly cause death if taken
orally |
WARNING |
Moderately toxic |
A teaspoonful to a tablespoonful could probably kill an adult |
CAUTION |
Slightly toxic |
An ounce to more than a pint would probably be required to cause death in an adult |
13. SYMBOL--The skull-and-crossbones symbol attracts
attention to highly toxic materials. The symbol is accompanied by the signal word
DANGER and the word POISON.
14. STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT--
Emergency first aid is spelled out in this section. In addition, you are told that exposure
requires medical attention, such as swallowing or inhaling the product or getting it in your eyes
or on your skin. In the case of a possible poisoning, it is important to take the pesticide label to
the attending physician.
15. NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANUFACTURER-- The
law requires the manufacturer to identify itself by name and address.
16. REGISTRATION AND ESTABLISHMENT NUMBERS--
The registration number shows that the product is properly registered with the Federal
Government (Environmental Protection Agency). The establishment number identifies the
factory and appears on the container but may not be on the label.
17. NET CONTENTS--The net contents tells you the amount in
the container.
The following Cooperative Extension publications give you more information on
pesticides.
Commercial Vegetable Crop Recommendations (ID-36) (revised every 2 years. Be sure to
use the most current version.)
Kentucky Commercial free Fruit Spray Guide (ID-92) (revised every year)
Kentucky Commercial Small Fruit Spray Guide (ID-94 ) (revised every year)
Guidelines for Pesticide Use (ID-98)
Insect Management Recommendations for Field Crops and Livestock (revised every
year)
Chemical Control of Weeds in Kentucky Farm Crops (AGR-6) (revised every year)
Herbicide Persistence and Carryover in Kentucky (AGR-139)
Herbicides with Potential to Carry Over and Injure Rotational Crops in Kentucky
(AGR-140).
Educational programs of the Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service serve all people regardless
of race, color, age, sex, religion, disability, or national origin.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in
cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, C. Oran Little, Director of Cooperative
Extension Service, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Lexington, Kentucky State
University, Frankfort. Issued 6-90; Revised 6-95, Last Printed 1-96, 3000 copies; 24000 copies
to date.