(Frankfort) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has granted special registration for two insecticides to combat armyworms in pastures and hayfields in Kentucky, the Ky Department of Agriculture has announced.
The insecticides are Pounce 3.2 EC (FMC Corp.) and Confirm 2F (Rhom and Haas Co.). Both are Restricted Use pesticides. Cattle can be present during application, if necessary, when Pounce is applied and they may graze fields after treatment. However, pastures sprayed with Pounce cannot be cut for hay during the remainder of the season. Pastures sprayed with Confirm 2F can be harvested for hay after a14-day wait.
Applicators must have a copy of the appropriate state (24-c) label for Pounce or the Crisis Exemption label (Section 18) for Confirm. These are available from the pesticide dealer when the products are purchased.
Situation:
Blue mold is building in north central Kentucky.
Disease development has been much slower than
normally expected from the weather experienced in
the region, probably because the host plant has not
been highly susceptible due to poor growing
conditions. As the tobacco plant's growth improves,
as a result of improved growing conditions and the
effects of supplemental nitrogen applications, the
potential for a significant blue mold epidemic will
increase rapidly in some communities. However,
there is still time to check the epidemic if controls
are correctly deployed. Fortunately at this time, it
appears we in the Ohio River Valley are dealing
mainly with the metalaxyl/mefenoxam-sensitive
strain of blue mold, like we did in the 80's.
Consequently, control has been rapidly achieved in
fields that have been treated with either Ridomil
Gold or Ultra Flourish.
The areas under either a blue mold watch or warning have been expanded significantly, following the discovery of several cases of active blue mold that had been present a month or more . These newly discovered outbreaks require reassessment of the situation, because they involved well established activity west of previous activity and the disease had cycled many times. Therefore, counties in the Louisville, Northern Kentucky, Licking River, Northeast Kentucky, Bluegrass, and Ft. Harrod Extension Areas, plus portions of Lake Cumberland and Lincoln Trail and southern Ohio are under a blue mold watch. Also, realize that the whole state is under a blue mold advisory, because considerable transplant movement has occurred. Plus, remain alert to the status of blue mold in North Carolina and Virginia, because that could move here easily with the right weather events. Consult the Kentucky Blue Mold Warning System website for frequent updates on blue mold status and control recommendations. (See link below)
Control and management programs should consider these points:
* Keep weekly fungicide spray programs in place at all tobacco transplant production sites - greenhouses, float beds, plant beds, and distribution/holding sites.
* Promptly destroy all transplants that are not needed. For example, last week in Bath County, we found a single tray of plants just floating around in a float bed, too large to transplant. To my knowledge, these plants were serving no useful purpose. But, they did serve to trap blue mold, because two newly developing lesions were found on those plants, while the adjacent field showed no evidence of blue mold.. Such bed sites/plants serve as ideal "staging areas" for blue mold to establish in the area, even during periods when conditions are not favorable for the disease to develop in the field. Why so many ignore this issue, I do not understand!
* Ridomil Gold and Ultra Flourish contain the same active ingredient and will be highly effective against the metalaxyl/mefenoxam-sensitive strains. Maintain the soil-directed, supplemental cultivation and layby treatments of these fungicides for control of black shank, Pythium root rot, and blue mold, especially in counties under a watch.
* Actigard 50 W can be used to induce a resistance mechanism in otherwise susceptible plants, but delay this application until the plants are 18" tall from bud to soil line, to avoid significant crop damage.
* Acrobat MZ at 2.5 lbs/100 gallons (amount of material used at this ratio adjusted for the crop stage) is an excellent preventive when applied well and timely. This material is not effective if applied poorly, however. We strongly encourage growers to remain informed about the status of blue mold in their community and the region, and to carefully monitor their crops for early evidence of blue mold. In addition to its use in a weekly preventive approach, Acrobat MZ can be used effectively in conjunction with a scouting program ( delaying the applications until finding the initial lesions) , but such an approach requires a diligent scouting effort - at least twice weekly - and prompt application with proper fungicide application equipment, plus proper reaction to mass movements of inoculum from outside the community.
For the latest blue mold status and other tobacco disease information, check the KY Blue Mold Warning System.
http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/kpn/kyblue/kyblue.htm
Several caterpillars can be found on tobacco now-
budworms, tobacco hornworms, tomato
hornworms, yellowstriped armyworms, variegated
cutworms, and common stalk borers. All start as
small caterpillars (about 1/8" long) and do most of
their damage during the last part of their feeding
period. Consequently, damage appears to have
occurred "overnight" when, in fact, the insects
usually have been feeding for 2 weeks before the
injury becomes obvious. Careful plant inspection is
needed to catch heavy infestations before significant
damage occurs. Generally, control is only justified
for budworms and hornworms.
Budworms can range in color from light green to
reddish brown to black. They feed in the bud leaves
of the plant and can kill the growing point, forcing
the plant to produce a sucker. The larvae feed for
about 3 weeks. In addition to feeding on leaves in
the bud area, they may tunnel into tobacco stalks at
near the top of the plant.
Tobacco hornworms and tomato hornworms are
similar in appearance and cause similar damage.
The larvae feed for 21 to 28 days. Early feeding
causes small, rounded holes in the leaves on the
upper portion of the plant, larger larvae can strip
the foliage, leaving only midribs and stems.
Tobacco hornworms have a row of diagonal white
slashes "/" along the side and a red horn while
tomato hornworms have a series of white check
marks "> " and a blue horn.
Yellowstriped armyworms are dark caterpillars
with a distinct yellow line along each side of the
body. Single individuals can be found chewing
round holes in leaves, usually in the upper part of
the plant. Variegated cutworms, also called
climbing cutworms, fit into this "occasional feeder"
group, too. They are dark caterpillars with a single
row of light spots down the center of the back.
Several larvae can be found on a single plant but
usually only a few plants in a field are attacked.
Both species are rarely present in large numbers so
control is seldom needed.
Random wilted plants, especially along field margins, waterways, or grassy drive rows, that have collapsed as if their water has been cut off, may be a sign of infestation by the common stalk borer. These larvae are cream colored with a purplish area behind the head. These borers can tunnel into midribs of leaves or plant stalks. Once inside the plant, control is not possible. Usually, they will remain in the plant to complete their development, damaging only the single plant.
Tobacco worm control can be accomplished by any
of a variety of insecticides listed in ENT-15 - 2001
Insecticide Recommendations for Insect Pests of
Tobacco Fields and Beds available at the county Extension office, or by accessing the
"Insect Management Recommendations" web page linked below.
For more information about tobacco pests, visit "Insect Management Recommendations".
Japanese beetles can feed on tobacco plants but the
damage is usually intense on only a few plants in a
field. Many beetles can be seen "sunning" on plants
if they emerged from the soil of a tobacco field but
this crop is not a preferred food. Orthene or
Thiodan (Golden Leaf Tobacco Spray) can be used
in the rare case that damage is significant over a
wide portion of the field.
Stink bug injury in the form of single collapsed
leaves of plants has been seen already this season. It
is a little early to expect stink bugs but many insects
are ahead of schedule this year.
Leaves fed upon by stink bugs will turn a dark bluish green and wilt in the heat of the day. In a day or so, a yellow area will appear around the site where the piercing sucking mouthpart damage the leaf tissue and that area will turn brown and die. usually the stink bugs are long gone by the time symptoms appear so an insecticide application is not justified.
Stink bugs are good fliers so their damage is scattered randomly over the field but may be concentrated along field edges.
For the latest blue mold status and other tobacco disease information, check the KY Blue Mold Warning System.
http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/kpn/kyblue/kyblue.htm
With July around the corner and corn beginning to tassel, producers need to managing the midsummer pests. These include the corn borer, fall armyworm, and Japanese beetle. Problems with these pests will be determined, in part, by planting date of the fields. Generally, later planting have more problems with these pests.
Moths from the first generation European corn
borer will begin to become active this week and next
and larvae from the second generation will become
active soon. ECB in central and eastern Kentucky is
one week to ten days behind the western portion of
the state. Typically, early planted fields have more
problems with the first generation and later planting
with the second generation. Many producers were
able to get their corn planted in March and April
this spring, may help to reduce the attractiveness of
the corn for second generation egg laying which will
last for several weeks.
Larvae of first generation
southwestern corn borer are active now.
Southwestern corn borer lags behind European corn
borer, and the next moth flight should not be
expected for several weeks. As many of these larvae
are small, it may still be possible to control them
with foliar insecticides if they exceed 35% infested
plants. But keep in mind, once they bore into the
stalk, they cannot be controlled.
Fall armyworm can be a serious problem with corn
that is still in the whorl stage at this time. These are
the late plantings. This insect can be difficult to
control if the larvae are much larger than 1/2", so
monitoring and early control are critical. Some
producers that found themselves in a late planting
situation used Bt corn to avoid problems with late
season corn borers. However, some of the Bt corn
types do not provide any fall armyworm control,
others only provide moderate control. Late planted
fields need to be monitored for this pest, even if they
are Bt corn.
Japanese beetles are causing more problems in the
western part of the state. If corn silking coincides
with peak beetle activity, then silk clipping by the
beetles has the potential of interfering with
pollination. However, more commonly the silk
clipping occurs after pollination and little damage is
done by the beetles. Additionally, problems with the
beetles are much more severe on the outside rows of
the field with few beetles feeding on interior plants.
Before treating for Japanese beetles, producers need
to evaluate whether or not pollination has already
occurred and if the entire field needs to be treated or
only the field margin needs treatment.
For more information about corn pests, visit "Insect Management Recommendations".
Wet weather any time during the growing season can favor invasion of leaves by disease-causing microorganisms, resulting in discrete dead spots on leaves. Leaves with a great number of spots are less effective at photosynthesis, which can result in reduced plant growth. Also, leaves with spot symptoms often drop to the ground, resulting in reduced forage yield and quality. Loss of dry matter can be as high as 25-30% when outbreaks are severe. Nutritional quality can also be reduced significantly from leaf diseases.
There are numerous foliar diseases that attack alfalfa in Kentucky. Two diseases are common during springtime: Lepto leaf spot and spring black stem & leaf spot. Four diseases can usually be found during summer: summer black stem and leaf spot, Stemphylium leaf spot, common leaf spot, and web blight. For those interested in determining which diseases are active in a given field, helpful publications include The Alfalfa Analyst, published by the Certified Alfalfa Seed Council, and the Extension publication, An Alfalfa Disease Calendar (PPA-44). For positive diagnosis, samples can be sent to the UK Diagnostic Laboratories in Princeton or Lexington.
Although it sometimes can be of interest to identify which leaf spot disease is active, it usually is not important to do so. In general, leaf spot diseases of alfalfa act similarly in terms of how they affect the plant. There are exceptions to this: several also attack the stem, as their names suggest; one spring black stem can also move into the crown. However, for all practical purposes, management is still the same for all leaf spot diseases in alfalfa.
Management
Scout fields for premature defoliation for leaf
spotting, and be prepared to harvest before much
defoliation occurs. The most important
management technique for alfalfa foliar diseases is
timely harvest, sometime between early bud and
first flower. Cutting the hay accomplishes several
things: it captures the yield from infected leaves
before they defoliate; it reduces the buildup of
infectious residue on the ground, protecting future
cuttings; and it exposes the crowns to the sun and
wind, reducing the risk of crown infections from
spring black stem.
The UK recommendation is to cut alfalfa when it is ready, and not to wait for a forecast of 3-4 days of sunny, dry conditions. Advancing maturity causes substantial loss in forage quality. Thus, waiting for dry weather can cost as much quality loss as can rain damage.
In fact, when the foliage of alfalfa is severely diseased, the shoots lose apical dominance and regrow from the crown anyway. Thus, once severe leaf disease develops, go ahead and cut and let the new growth come on.
Soybean foliage is susceptible to a number of fungal
and bacterial pathogens. These pathogens cause leaf
spots and blights and are generally common in
Kentucky; however, few fields in any given year are
seriously damaged by the diseases. Crop rotation
and weather that is unfavorable to disease typically
keep foliar diseases at low levels. Occasionally an
extended period of wet and humid weather in July
to early-August will result in a significant amount of
disease and yields may be seriously affected.
However, this scenario is relatively uncommon in
Kentucky. Please do not assume that the overall lack
of foliar spots and blights also means that seed
quality problems related to fungi are also
uncommon. Just the opposite is true. Seed quality
problems are not the rule, but they are fairly
common when soybean matures during wet, warm
weather. Reduced seed quality due to fungal
infections is most common in early-maturing
varieties or in all varieties harvested late.
The following diseases are the ones most frequently encountered in Kentucky.
Brown Spot:
Brown spot is caused by the fungus, Septoria glycines. The fungus survives primarily on infested soybean residue from previous crops and on seed. Symptoms of brown spot include dark brown, angular spots ranging in size from minute specks to 1/4-in-diameter. The causal fungus produces ethylene which results in leaves turning yellow and dropping off plants. Brown spot is extremely common on seed (unifoliolate) leaves of very young crops and during the first month following planting. In most years this will be the extent of the brown spot problem and no permanent damage will be done. However, in years where August is wetter than average, symptoms may become re-established on mature foliage during pod fill and yields can be substantially reduced as a result of premature defoliation.
Fungicidal sprays are available for the control of brown spot, but applications need to be made before symptoms become evident. Generally, two fungicide applications are required to get acceptable control of late-season brown spot. This fact, plus the sporadic appearance of yield-reducing levels of brown spot in Kentucky and the low profit margins associated with soybean production mean that fungicide use in soybean is a highly risky venture and is rarely economical.
No varieties are resistant to brown spot. Crop rotation for a year or two away from soybean may help moderate disease. However, the spores of the fungus are widespread and wind-borne so significant infection is likely to occur regardless of cropping history or production practices during wet seasons.
Cercospora Leaf Blight:
Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) is caused by the fungus, Cercospora kikuchii. In Kentucky, CLB usually begins to show in mid to late August. Affected leaves, usually upper leaves of the canopy, develop a bronzing discoloration. This discoloration is actually the result of a multitude of very small reddish-maroon, irregular spots that are pinpoint to 1-cm in diameter. These spots coalesce and blight foliage, causing premature defoliation. Many soybean producers mistakenly think that the bronzing of upper leaves is part of the natural maturation process; it is not. The amount of damage which results from CLB each year is highly variable. Nonetheless, experience shows us that it can be considerable in wet seasons.
Based on random observations where severe CLB occurred in variety test plot locations, it appears that many commercially-available varieties possess some degree of CLB resistance. It is very rare for breeders to work specifically with this disease, so it is likely that most existing resistance to C. kikuchii, especially in maturity group III and IV soybeans, has been introduced into the soybean gene pool inadvertently during plant breeding studies and operations.
C. kikuchii also causes purple seed stain in soybean. This phase of the C. kikuchii infection causes a pink to purple blotching of the seed coat. Purple seed stain does not adversely affect yield, but some markets will not accept seed lots with visually significant disease.
Few varieties are available with known resistance to C. kikuchii. However, as stated above, many varieties do apparently resist infection. Crop production practices do not have a great deal of impact on the development of CLB. Fungicides can significantly reduce disease incidence and severity, but as with brown spot, there is little evidence to indicate that applying the required two fungicide applications would be economical.
Frogeye Leaf Spot:
Frogeye leaf spot (FLS) is caused by the fungus, Cercospora sojina. Primary symptoms of the disease are spots 1-5 mm in diameter that have ash-gray centers and a maroon border. Over time, the centers of spots may fall away due to weathering processes, leaving a "shot hole" effect. FLS is prevalent in wet years where it can cause serious yield effect. Serious disease can occur throughout west and central Kentucky, but this is a rare event.
Cercospora sojina exists as a variety of races and these races determine the success or failure of specific soybean varieties that resist FLS. Unless a particular farm has a history of extensive FLS, it is not generally recommended that FLS-resistant soybean varieties be sought out and planted. FLS responds very well to fungicide application, but as with the above diseases, this FLS control tactic is rarely economical in Kentucky.
Downy Mildew:
Downy mildew is an extremely common fungal disease, but it is very rarely a serious problem in Kentucky. Affected leaves will show, small, diffuse pale-yellow spots on the upper leaf surface. When these spots are examined on the lower leaf surface you will see a off-white to light gray downy growth.
No control measures are needed or recommended for downy mildew control.
Bacterial Blight:
Bacterial blight is a foliar disease caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. Bacterial blight usually shows up in Kentucky following humid, rainy periods in late July and August. You will often see small, irregular-shaped brown lesions with yellow halos a day or two after a hard rain storm. Unlike fungal pathogens, the bacterial pathogen that causes bacterial blight cannot infect soybean leaves directly. Rather, bacteria can only enter plant tissues via wounds or natural openings.
I have never seen a field in Kentucky which I thought had lost significant yield due to Bacterial blight. Control measures are not necessary.
There are a great number of other disease organisms and diseases that manifest symptoms on soybean foliage that are not discussed here. For example, many root and stem diseases ultimately cause foliar symptoms to be expressed, but the pathogens that cause those diseases do not infect foliage directly. Rather, symptoms are usually the result of imbalances in nutrients and water in foliage. Soybean cyst nematode and stem canker are examples. In the case of soybean sudden death syndrome, foliar symptoms are the result of one or more foliar toxins that are produced by the causal fungus as it grows in diseased root tissue. Virus diseases such as soybean mosaic and bean pod mottle reproduce systemically and, thus, can readily be found throughout infected foliage with the aid of an electron microscope. The principal symptoms of virus diseases are expressed in crop foliage.
Japanese beetles are out and active. We have been
seeing them for about two weeks in western
Kentucky. This insect is active in soybean and can
feed quite extensively in some situations. They are
usually not much danger to the crop, but do bear
watching. In this year of very large insect
populations, (like armyworm) any pest with the
potential to increase like Japanese beetle should not
be ignored.
Japanese beetle generally occur in early to mid-June and stay around through August. They are metallic green and bronze beetles about ½ inch long. There is a row of white tufts on the side of the body below the bronze wing covers.
Adults are leaf feeders. They begin feeding at the top of the plant and work downward. They will chew the leaf tissue between the veins. This type of damage gives the leaves a brown lacy appearance. Infestations may start with beetles feeding on weeds, especially smartweed, then moving to soybeans.
Scouting is usually very simple. If there is any real danger of damage, you will see lots of Japanese beetles. That does not mean wait to scout until you see the beetles in the hundreds or thousands, but it does mean that you should be able to find them well in advance of any economic damage.
To determine if the infestation is important you will need to estimate the amount of defoliation the beetles have caused. You can find procedures for estimating defoliation in the Soybean IPM manual (IPM-3). If you don't have a copy you can down load one from the IPM Web site at: http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/IPM/ipm.htm Look under "Manuals and Fact Sheets"
Also, in IPM-3 and in the Soybean insecticide recommendations (ENT-13) you can find Economic Threshold tables (Table 2.) based on defoliation. This table may be used to determine if enough defoliation has occurred to warrant an insecticidal control. Generally, control should be considered if 30% or more defoliation before bloom, 20% or more defoliation from bloom to pod fill, or 30% or more defoliation from pod fill until harvest OR if defoliation exceeds the economic injury levels listed in Table 2.
Japanese beetle is usually not a pest for us but this has been an unusual year, so keep your eyes open.
The Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab in
Princeton received an odd soybean sample
from Union Co. for diagnosis. As it turns
out, the problem is not a disease at all but
the presence of massive numbers of two
spotted spider mites. This pest can be a major
problem in soybean, but it is a little out of place
given our recent weather and growth patter. Just
another exception for 2001.
In Kentucky we generally see spider mites in a drought situation. Although we have seen some dry conditions, certainly growing conditions have been very good of late. Of course, there are other reasons for infestation, many of which we may never know.
Spider mites use their long, needle-like mouthparts to remove the contents of individual cells. Empty cells appear as tiny yellow or white spots or "flecks" on the leaves. Leaves on infested plants gradually become yellow, bronze, then brown before falling off. The gradual yellowing looks like a typical drought symptom and can be overlooked until it is too late for corrective action. The plants take on a yellow or 'bronzed' appearance. Early damage will usually appear along field edges and borders of waterways or around clumps of grassy weeds that are drying down. Spider mite damage, when severe, reduces the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. Yield losses in the range of 40% to 60% have been documented in fields infested during the late vegetative or early flowing stages. The weather pattern during July and into August will be the major factor in determining the success of spider mites. If hot, dry conditions prevail, watch along field margins for the first signs of mite activity. Spider mites are very small and are generally not noticed until damage is visible. You must take a close look at the undersides of bean leaves to find this pest, so even a general walk through of a soybean field that would allow one to see most of the problem pest could still result in missing this pest. Symptoms of the presence of tiny arthropods are most likely to be found on leaves in the middle and lower plant canopy. About the easiest way to look for spider mites is to shake a few leaves over a piece of white paper. Then watch for black specks moving across the paper. If you find this, use a hand-lens to check the moving specks and the undersides of the leaves. Plant stresses, such as nutrient chlorosis or herbicide injury, may produce similar responses so confirm the diagnosis by finding mites. The percent defoliation guidelines can be used during damage assessment. Consider areas that are yellowed by mites as being missing (like damage from a chewing pest).
Cool temperatures, high humidity and rainfall promote a fungal disease that can provide natural control of spider mites. Consider them a possibility if you see the gradual appearance of yellowing along field margins during hot, dry weather. Timely treatment of "hot spots" can prevent infestation of the entire field. This is not an easy pest to deal with and makes a management decision difficult in these times of low commodity prices.
Because this is such a rare pest it is not listed in ENT-13 (Insecticide Recommendations for Soybean). However, there are currently two insecticides labeled for use against spider mites in soybean. They are Lorsban® and various formulations of dimethoate. Lorsban 4E may be used at " to 1 pt. / AC, and dimethoate 4 at 1pt. / Ac. There may be a few products labeled for "Suppression" of spider mites, but suppression is not normally a viable option for this pest.
During recent weeks, County Extension Agents and homeowners have been inquiring about death of branches and limbs of sugar maples and red maples in the landscape. Some of the cases have involved Verticillium wilt which is caused by the fungus Verticillium albo-atrum. The fungus is capable of causing a serious vascular wilt of a wide range of woody plants. Several of our common landscape trees such as ash, catalpa, katsura tree, magnolia, maple, redbud, smoketree, and tuliptree are susceptible to Verticillium wilt.
Symptoms. By invading the xylem tissues of the tree, Verticillium disrupts the movement of water from the roots to the leaves. As a consequence, leaves wilt and branches die back. This often occurs one branch at a time or on one side of the tree over a period of several years, but sometimes in only a matter of months or a year. Sometimes, branches simply fail to leaf out in the spring - the result of infection the previous year. Verticillium wilt may also cause marginal browning and leaf scorch, abnormally large seed crops, small leaves, stunting, poor annual growth, and sparse foliage. However, these symptoms may also be caused by girdling roots, construction injury, and drought.
In the landscape and nursery, one should try to observe additional diagnostic symptoms. Usually, the there is staining of xylem and cambial tissue, visible as streaks if you cut into the wood. The color of this staining will vary for different trees often being greenish black in maple, yellowish green in smoketree, dark brown in redbud, and brown in ash and catalpa. Be aware that often young twigs and branches and some tree species simply don't show the streaks of stained xylem tissue under the bark and that other fungi and other factors can cause staining. For a positive laboratory diagnosis of Verticillium wilt, stained vascular tissue is essential.
Disease biology. The Verticillium fungus survives as resistant, dormant microsclerotia for many years in soil, making effective crop rotation in the nursery difficult. The fungus infects plant roots through wounds, or in some cases, direct penetration of susceptible root tissue. The Verticillium fungus could also be transmitted from plant to plant in the nursery by grafting and budding. From the root infections, the fungus spreads into the plant through the xylem. Xylem tissues become blocked so that stems and leaves no longer are supplied with adequate water and mineral elements. After the tree dies, the fungus is returned to the soil as tiny resistant fungal microsclerotia. Microsclerotia can also be spread by wind, in soil, and on equipment. Many herbaceous and weed hosts are also susceptible so it is hard to avoid contaminated soil. Verticillium wilt is favored by landscape stresses such as wounding and drought. It is possible that much of the Verticillium observed in Kentucky now relates back to stresses imposed by the drought in 1999.
Management.
Field crop samples last week included nitrogen and zinc deficiency in corn; soybean cyst nematode in soybean; Lepto leaf spot in alfalfa; black root rot, manganese toxicity, and numerous cases both of black shank (particularly in eastern and central KY) and tomato spotted wilt virus (mostly in western KY) on tobacco.
On fruit and vegetable crops, we diagnosed powdery mildew on gooseberry; black rot and anthracnose on grape; Nectria canker on apple; Rhizoctonia root/stem rot on ginseng; sunscald and bacterial spot on bean; powdery mildew on pea; anthracnose on sweet corn; scab on potato; bacterial spot and tomato spotted wilt virus on pepper; and Septoria leaf spot, Fusarium wilt, walnut wilt, pith necrosis and tomato spotted wilt virus on tomato.
On ornamentals and turf, we have seen Rhizoctonia root/stem rot on dianthus; Pythium root rot on daylily; bacterial blight on geranium; Septoria leaf spot on sunflower and rudbeckia; Phoma stem canker on vinca; red thread on fescue; dollar spot on bermudagrass; bacterial blight on holly; bacterial leaf spot on hibiscus; rosette on rose; Verticillium wilt on catalpa; and tip blight on pine.
| UKREC-Princeton, KY, June 15 - 22, 2001 | |
| Black Cutworm | 4 |
| True Armyworm | 113 |
| Fall Armyworm | 1 |
| Beet Armyworm | 0 |
| Corn Earworm | 4 |
| European Corn Borer | 0 |
| Southwestern Corn Borer | 17 |
To see recent moth trap counts, click here.
Lee Townsend
Extension Entomologist
