Remaining 1997 Commercial Pesticide Applicator Training and Testing Dates (Categories 1, 2a, 3, 4, 10, 12)
Categories 2a: 8:30 AM - 12:20 PM, Testing at 1:00 PM;
Cat. 3, 10. 12: 8:30 AM - Noon, Testing at 1:00 PM;
Cat. 1, 4, 10, 12: 9:45 AM - 2:00 PM,Testing at 2:00 PM
December 22, 1997
419 Reed Hall
Morehead State University
by William Nesmith
During the past few weeks, I have received several calls concerning Burley Gold Soilless Mix and Actinovate. Some of the callers indicated they had been informed that UK was recommending these products for disease control. Neither of these products have been recommended by the Plant Pathology Department, University of Kentucky for use by growers. The only recommendation we have given was that Actinovate warranted further testing based on the positive results obtained under strong disease pressure in preliminary studies. Below is a summary of the preliminary data used to support our position.
In a preliminary experiment, Actinovate (commercial product containing Streptomyces wyces 108) was evaluated as a biological control amendment to soilless mix for its potential to control common root diseases of tobacco transplants produced in the float system. This experiment was conducted in the campus greenhouses, University of Kentucky during the spring of 1997. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four treatments and four replications. Experimental units were 16-cell styrofoam Todd Trays, cut from 200-cell units, and floated in individual bays fabricated from cake pans lined with plastic. The nutrient solution was made of tap water amended with Peters 20-10-20 fertilizer, adjusted to 100 ppm nitrogen. Treatments consisted of either steamed or nonsteamed test soils amended or not amended with Actinovate. The "test soil" was Promix BX, contaminated with 10% by weight of a Speedling soil-mix saved from the contaminated check-treatments of previous experiments conducted with Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium. The day prior to amending with Actinovate, half the test soil was steamed for 30 minutes to provide pathogen- negative controls. On the date of transplanting plugs, half the steamed-soil and half the non-steamed soils were amended with Actinovate at 1.5 oz product/cubic yard of soil. Three-week-old seedlings of Ky 14 burley tobacco were transferred (plugged) into each cell and grown under greenhouse float-technology for five weeks, until ready to transplant into the field. During the fifth week, the plants were harvested and root rot ratings were made.
Differences in general vigor and disease development among plants growing in steamed verses nonsteamed treatments were obvious within 7 days of plugging. But, within the nonsteamed treatments, differences in growth and disease levels between Actinovate amended and non-amended soils were not obvious until about 20 days into the testing. Strong disease pressure developed in the nonsteamed soils, regardless of treatment, but it was significantly less severe in the treatment amended with Actinovate, especially in the roots associated with the top half of each cell. This difference in disease activity between the top and bottom portion may suggest the Actinovate is not effective in water-saturated soils. The difference did not appear to be associated with which disease was being controlled, because in the nonsteamed and unamended treatments, Pythium oospores were abundant in the diseased roots throughout the cell. Significantly more useable transplants with significantly lower disease were obtained where Actinovate was used to amend the soil mix.
In conclusion, further testing is recommended and necessary before widespread use of this product should occur. Below are the summary data:
| TREATMENTS* | USEABLE PLANTS(%)** | ROOT ROT INDEX*** |
| 1 | 100A**** | 0.5D |
| 2 | 100A | 1.25C |
| 3 | 28B | 8.0A |
| 4 | 84A | 5.0B |
*Treatments: 1. Steamed Soil Mix, 2. Steamed Soil Mix + Actinovate, 3. Contaminated Soil Mix (not steamed), 4. Contaminated Soil Mix + Actinovate.
**The plant was judged to be of transplantable stage based on size and condition of the top growth, root health was not considered.
*** Root Rot Index was made for each transplant at harvest using a scale of 0 = no disease to 10 equally total dead roots. Pythium root rot was the dominant and major disease involved, but Rhizoctonia and Fusarium were also present as a complex with Pythium.
**** Values in the same column sharing any letter in common are not significantly different as determined by the Tukey's Multiple Range Test, P = 0.05.
by Doug Johnson
The Indian meal moth is one of the most common insect pests of stored grain in Kentucky. Most often the pest is noticed after it has created a mess in the bin. Also, the presence of a swarm of small coppery-colored moths around or inside bins may be a give away that an infestation is present. Indian meal moth infestations start in the bin rather than the field, often from left over grain. Fortunately this insect is a surface dwelling pest and can be dealt with relatively easily.
Indian meal moth larvae prefer to feed on fines or damaged kernels. Infestations are most common in the upper four to six inches of grain in a bin. They become active in early spring because surface grain is usually the first to warm. However, they may also be present in the fall on grain held over and also on small grains that have been in storage since June or July. The larvae produce silken threads which result in "caking" or "crusting" of the surface grain. Their frass (waste), cast exoskeletons (exterior skin-like covering) and silk contaminate the grain.
Indian meal moths at rest with wings folded over their backs are about 0.4 inch long. The wingspan is about 0.6 inch. The outer portion of the front pair of wings is copper; however, this color may be lost as the moth loses its scales. The inner half of the wing near the body is light gray. The hind wings are gray and have no distinctive markings.
The larvae are the feeding stage and are caterpillars that may range from yellow white to pink to light green with a light brown head. Full grown larvae are about 0.7 inch long.
Female moths deposit from 60 to 300 eggs, singly or in groups on or within the upper surface of the grain mass. The larvae move about in the upper grain mass, feeding on fines and cracked kernels and producing a silken webbing as they feed. Full grown caterpillars may leave their food source and climb up walls to pupate. The life cycle from egg to adult takes about six to eight weeks during warm weather. There are usually four to six generations per year depending on food supply and temperature conditions.
As with all grain storage pests prevention is the most economical approach to control (See ENT-19 and AEN-20). Once an infestation has occurred the contaminated grain should be removed to ensure good air flow and the surface may be treated with an insecticide (See specific crop recommendations listed below).
Other Sources of Information from Kentucky
Entfact-612, Stored Product Pests in the Pantry
ENT-19, Controlling Insects in Stored Grain.
ENT-13, Insecticide Recommendations for Soybean.
ENT-16, Insecticide Recommendations for Conventional and No-Tillage Corn.
ENT-24, Insecticide Recommendations for Grain Sorghum (Milo).
ENT-47, Insecticide Recommendations for Small Grains.
ENT-62, Insecticide Recommendations for Popcorn.
AEN-20, Principals of Grain Storage.
This issue concludes the 1997 series of Kentucky Pest News (KPN) and marks the end of the 22nd year of inclusion of disease information in KPN. The major objective has been to provide timely information on anticipated and occurring diseases in Kentucky. Any comments favorable or critical) readers may have regarding KPN (i.e., format, subject matter, coverage, timeliness, etc.) may be directed to KPN authors: John Hartman, William Nesmith, Don Hershman, and Paul Vincelli, Extension Plant Pathologists; Paul Bachi and Julie Beale, Plant Diagnosticians. The above authors appreciate the efforts of colleagues who have co-authored topics in KPN; and Carolyn England for typing, proofreading, and transmitting KPN.
The final issue of KPN 1997, like final issues of previous years, contains an index of all plant disease topics covered during the current year. The index is alphabetized according to each crop or other subject matter. After each crop, each disease that was discussed the past year is listed with the appropriate PNA issue number(s). KPN issue numbers in parenthesis () refers to a listing of the crop or disease in the "Diagnostic Lab Highlights" section.
We wish each of our readers a Cheerful Holiday and Peace and Prosperity in 1998. (Hartman, Nesmith, Hershman, Vincelli, Bachi, Beale, and England).
ALFALFA
Selecting Alfalfa Varieties with Disease Resistance - 793
Aphanomyces - 774, 780, 782
Boron deficiency - (787)
Crown rot - 784
Fusarium crown/root rot - (788)
Lepto leaf spot - 779, (779), (780)
Sclerotinia - 765, 767, (770), 772, 773,, 777, 787
Seedlings - 780, 781
Stem canker - 781
CORN, POPCORN, AND SORGHUM
Aflatoxins - 788
Anthracnose - 783
Aspergillus - (794)
Diplodia ear rot - 785, 791, (792), 794,(794)
Ergot - 778
Gray leaf spot - 769, 783, 785, 791, (792), (794)
Holcus spot - (785)
Rotation - 770
Southern rust - 785
Stalk rot - 785
Stewarts wilt - (780)
FLOWERING ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS, HOUSEPLANTS, AND GROUND COVERS
Ajuga - Southern blight - (787)
Azalea - Cercospora leaf spot - (791)
Begonia - Powdery mildew - (780)
Chrysanthemum - Bacterial leaf spot - (788), (792)
Pythium - (792)
Rhizoctonia - (792), (*766)
English ivy - Phyllosticta leaf spot - (791)
Geranium - rust (778)
Hosta - Southern blight - (785), (787)
Iris - Hetersporium leaf spot - (782), (*766)
Marigold - Crown gall - (789)
Monarda - rust (782)
Pansy - Botyrtis blight - (774)
Zinnia - Bacterial spot - (785)
FRUIT
Apple -Scab - (777)
Cedar-apple rust - (781)
Fireblight - (781)
Frogeye - (777), (781)
Blackberry - Anthracnose - (777)
Orange rust - (778)
Cherry - Bacterial canker - (787)
Brown rot- (774)
Gummosis - 795
Grape - Black rot - (778), (785)
Nectarine - Brown rot - (784)
Peach - Brown rot - (784)
Gummosis - 795
Peach leaf curl - (778)
Scab - (787)
Plum - Black knot - (769),
Brown rot - (784)
Gummosis - 795
FUNGICIDES AND PESTICIDES
Alert(TM) Diagnostic Kits for Turf - 775
Evaluation of a High Pressure Sprayer for Application of Acrobat MZ for Blue Mold Control in Burley Tobacco - 795
Fungicide Residues in Burley Tobacco - 773
Heritage Fungicide labeled for Turf - 773
Performance of Acrobat MZ in Grower-level Plots, 1996 - 768
Rationale for Why Good Coverage is Needed with Acrobat MZ - 778
Ridomil Fungicide Does Not Improve Chance of Interseeding Alfalfa into Alfalfa - 773
GREENHOUSE CROPS
Geranium - Iron toxicity - (772)
Impatiens - Rhizoctonia - (772)
Poinsettia - Powdery mildew - 794
Tomato - Fusarium crown/stem rot - (772)
LANDSCAPE TREES AND SHRUBS
Almond - Brown rot - (774)
American Elm - Dutch elm disease - (785)
Ash - Ash yellows - 797
Witches broom - 797
Azalea - Leaf/flower gall - (777)
Black gum - Mycosphaerella leaf spot - (794)
Boxwood - Macrophoma canker - (792)
Crabapple - Scab - (776), (777), (778)
Dogwood - Powdery mildew - (780), (781), (785)
Spot anthracnose - (776)
Elm - Elm yellow - 797
Witches broom - 797
Euonymus, Crown gall - (769)
Ficus - Phomopsis twig blight - (794)
Fuchsia - stem blight - (770)
Holly - Black root rot - (770), (774)
Cercospora leaf spot - (777)
Japanese Black Pine - Lophodermium needle cast - (769)
Juniper - Cedar apple rust - (776), (778)
Lilac - Bacterial blight - 776, (776)
Magnolia - Sooty mold - (769)
Maple - Anthracnose - (776)
Cytospora canker - (774)
Tar spot - 790, *766)
Oak - Actionpelte leaf spot - (792)
Bacterial leaf scorch - 792. (794)
Lower branch dieback - 792
Oak leaf blister - (782),(794)
Phyllosticta leaf spot (*766), (789)
Powdery mildew - (794)
Red oak leaf spot - 792
Sweetgum - Bleeding canker - (792)
Taxus - Wet feet - (69)
Winter injury - (769)
Cytospora canker - (774)
White pine - White pine decline - (794)
MISCELLEANOUS
Disinfecting Tools, Flats, and Equipment Used in Greenhouse and Float
Systems is a Key Step in Disease Control - 766
Dry Weather Initiates Landscape Disease Problems - 793
Obtaining Certified Crop Advisors CEU's for Training Programs - 792
SOYBEANS
Brown spot - (781)
Fusarium crown/root rot - 788
Southern blight - (787)
Soybean Cyst Nematode - (792)
Stem canker - (791), (792)
Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) - 791, (791), (792)
TOBACCO
1997 Blue Mold Control Plan for Burley - 766
1997 Chemical Control Options for Disease Control in Tobacco Plant
Bed, Greenhouses, and Float Systems - 767
Actions that Favored Blue Mold in 1996 - 764
Is There A Blue Mold Resistant Burley? - 769
No Authority to Certify Tobacco Transplants as Blue Mold Free in
Kentucky - 770
Tobacco Transplant Disorders - 779
Transplanting Practices Can Reduce Blue Mold Later in Field - 771
What Is The Difference Between a Blue Mold Watch and a Blue Mold
Warning - 780
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus - (782), (*766)
Angular Leaf Spot - 776, (776), (777), (778)
Anthracnose - (781)
Aphid-borne Virus Complex - (791)
Bacterial Hollow Stalk - (784), (789)
Bacterial Soft Rot - (780), (782)
Black Leg - (777), (779), (780), (781), (782)
Black Root Rot - (777), (781)
Black Shank - 768, (779), 780, (780), (781), (784), (*766), (787),
(789)
Blue Mold - (780), (781), (782), (784), (785), (*766), (791), (792),
792, 777, (777)
Blue Mold Status - 771, 772, 773, 775, 776, 777, 779, 780, 781, 782,
783, 784, 785, 766*, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791
Brown Spot - 785, (792)
Cold Injury - (773), (774)
Chemical injury - (778)
Frogeye Leaf Spot - (784), 785, (792), (794)
Fusarium Wilt - (*766), (789)
Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus - (791)
Pythium - 770, (770), (774), (776)
Ragged Leaf Spot - (784), 785
Rhizoctonia - (770), (774), (776), (785)
Rhizopus Soft Rot - (777)
Root Knot Nematode - (791)
Sclerotinia Collar Rot - (774), (776), (777)
Soreshin - (780), 784, (785), (*766), (787), (789), (791)
Target Spot - (776), (777), (778), (779), (780), (781), 785, (792)
Temporary Phosphorus Deficiency - (778), (781)
Tobacco Ring Spot - (782), (*766), (791)
Tobacco Streak Virus - (792)
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus - (782)
Virus Complex - 789, 793
TURFGRASS
Bioject System for Bio-control of Turf Diseases - 782
Disease Hazards of Spring and Summer Fertilizer to Lawns - 768
Sudden Bentgrass Decline on New Putting Greens - 783
Anthracnose - (780)
Bentgrass - Powdery mildew - 73
Leaf spot - 775
Stripe smut - 775
Yellow patch - 775
Bermudagrass - Yellow patch - 775
Brown patch - (774), 775, (780), (785), (*766), (787)
Dollar Spot - 775
Gray Leaf Spot - 790
Necrotic Leaf Spot - 779, (788)
Pink Snow Mold - (780)
Pythium Blight - 775
Pythium Root Rot - 775
Red Thread - 778, (785)
Rust - (*766)
Slime Molds - (781)
Summer Patch - (787), (788)
Take-all - (789)
Tall Fescue - Brown patch - 784, (788)
Ergot - 778
White Blight - (787)
VEGETABLES
Basil - Fusarium crown/stem rot - (791)
Bean - Common blight - (792)
Cercospora leaf spot (792)
Fusarium stem rot - (784)
Rhizoctonia root rot - (787)
Rust - (792)
Cabbage - Bacterial soft rot - (784)
Blackleg - (794)
Downy mildew - (784)
Cantaloupe - Gummy stem blight - (791)
Cucumber - Powdery mildew - (781), (784)
Cucurbits - Downy mildew - 791
Pepper - Bacterial spot - 782, (785), (792)
Potato - Scab - (*766)
Pumpkin - Downy mildew - (791), (792)
Rhubarb - Rhizoctonia crown rot - (778)
Squash - Bacterial wilt - (784), (785)
Potyvirus - (782)
Powdery mildew - (794)
Wet rot - (*766)
Sweet Corn - Holcus spot - (785)
Rhizoctonia root rot - (787)
Stewarts wilt - (782)
Sweet Potato - Scurf - (794)
Tomato - Afalfa mosaic virus - (785)
Anthracnose - (781)
Bacterial speck - (779), (784)
Blue mold - 797
Buckeye rot - (784)
Botrytis stem canker - (781)
Early blight - (779), (781), (782), (784), (*766)
Fusarium wilt - (*766)
Phoma leaf spot - (784)
Powdery mildew - (781)
Pith necrosis - (779)
Root rot nematode - (787)
Sclerotinia stem canker - (781)
Septoria leaf spot - (779), (782), (784), (*766)
Southern stem blight - (784), (787)
Walnut wilt - (791)
Turnip - White spot - (794)
Watermelon - Downy mildew - (791)
Watermelon mosaic virus - (792)
WHEAT
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) - (776)
Cold injury - (773)
Glume Blotch - 779
Karnal Bunt - 768, 770
Leaf Blotch - 778
Leaf Rust - 778, 779
Powdery mildew - 774, 779
Stagonospora Leaf Blotch - 779
Take-all - (776), (778), (779)
Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus - (776), *766
Wheat Status - 774, 778
NOTE: (*766) should be 786!!
ISSUE NUMBERING MISTAKES
The February 3 and July 28 issues were given the number 766. The July 28 issue is 766a in this index. The April 14 and April 21 issues were both numbered 772. The April 21 issue is referred to as 772a in this index.
GARDEN AND FIELD CROP PESTS
Admire tobacco label- 769, 777
Alfalfa weevil- 768
Armyworms- 774, 776, 779
Bean leaf beetle- 777
Beet armyworm- 766a
Blister beetle- 787
Bt Corn- 767, 768, 785, 794, 796
Cabbage caterpillars- 766a
Cereal leaf beetles- 770, 773
Colorado potato beetle- 787
Corn flea beetles- 775, 776
Corn leaf aphids- 785
Corn rootworm- 782, 787
Cutworms- 769, 771, 772, 776, 777, 780, 789
Diamondback moths- 778, 779
European corn borer- 779, 781, 782, 783, 766a, 777
Fall armyworm- 785
Fungus-killed flies- 779
Grasshoppers- 790, 791, 792
Japanese beetle- 784
Locust leafminer- 789
No-till tobacco pests- 770
Potato leafhoppers- 776, 784, 785
Seedcorn maggots- 774, 777, 778
Slugs- 778, 780
Sorghum webworm- 791
Southwestern corn borer- 777, 781, 782, 790
Soybean podworm- 788
Spider mites- 784, 785
Squash vine borer- 787
Stink bug- 766a
Stored grain- 797
Tobacco aphids- 783, 787, 790
Tobacco budworms- 783
Tobacco flea beetles- 776, 780
Tobacco hornworms- 766a, 787
Two spotted stink bug- 787
Wheat insets- 773, 768, 792, 795, 797
White grubs- 775
Wireworms- 769, 775
HOUSEHOLD PESTS
Accidental invaders- 769
Ants
Carpenter ants- 775
Carpenter bees- 776
Clover hayworm moth- 788
Crickets- 789
Fabric pests- 796
Fleas- 772a, 783
Foreign grain beetle- 787, 790
Fruit flies- 795
Lady beetles- 794, 795
Larger yellow ant- 788
Pest-proof your home- 794
Spiders- 766a
Termites- 773, 770
Thermal pest control- 776
HUMAN, PUBLIC HEALTH PESTS
Birds- 771
Countdown residual fly spray- 777
Cutter 1 insecticide ear tags- 777
Head lice- 764
Stinging caterpillars- 788
Yellowjackets- 791
IPM
Pheromone traps- 771
WWW sites- 764
LANDSCAPE, TURF, FRUIT
Boxwood psyllids- 771
Cicada killer wasps- 785
Codling moth- 778
Eastern tent caterpillars- 771
Eastern Hercules beetle- 785
Ground-nesting bees- 779
Gnats and midges- 780
Hawthorn lace bug- 774
Honeylocust plant bugs- 772a
Iris borer- 794
Japanese beetles- 781
Lilac borer- 774
Locust leafminer- 787
Mole crickets- 788
Mosquitoes- 780
Orangestriped oakworm- 788
Oystershell scale- 774
Plum curculio- 778
Saddlebacked caterpillars- 785
San Jose scale- 778
Twig girdlers- 796
Velvet ants- 788
Wheel bug- 785
White grubs- 789
White grub parasites- 788
Yellow poplar weevil- 774
Yucca plant bug- 779
LIVESTOCK
Cattle grubs- 766a
Eprinex Label- 794
Hog lice- 765
Hog mange- 765
Louse control- 764
MISCELLANEOUS
1996 Top 10 List- 764
Asian longhorned beetle- 765
Electronic delivery of newsletter- 769
Temperature and insect development- 772, 772a
PESTICIDE INFORMATION
Acephate- 764
Carbofuran (Furadan)- 772, 782
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)- 782
Dienochlor (Pentac)- 796
English/Spanish pesticide training materials- 770
EPA criminal prosecutions- 764, 772, 776, 796
EPA pesticides sale report- 792
Food Quality Protection Act- 764, 770, 787, 790
Fonofos (Dyfonate)- 779
Greenhouse certification- 768
Human exposure- 792
Idaho fish kill- 764
Illegal pesticide disposal- 768
Inert ingredients- 796
Label readability- 791
Kentucky endangered species- 768
Methamidophos (Monitor)- 787
Methyl parathion- 782, 792
NAPIAP- 764, 772, 776
Pesticide common names- 797
Pesticide information source- 768, 782
Pesticide label- 769, 796
Pesticides in drinking water- 796
Private applicator records- 764, 797
Protective equipment suppliers- 772
Pyramite (Apollo)- 776
Reduced risk pesticides- 768, 797
Reregistrations- 792
Spartan herbicide 24c- 770
Talking labels- 765
Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M)- 797
Triadimefon (Bayleton)- 772
Vinclozolin- (Ronilan, Ornalin)- 796
Worker protection- 764, 776, 792, 796