'Lesson Four'

'CONTENTS' 'Affirmation, Question, Response Vocabulary (1) Dialogue Relative and Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative Pronouns Exercises (1-15) Answers (1-15) Test of the Alphabet Vocabulary (2) Exercises (1-5) Answers (1-5)'

'AFFIRMATIONS, QUESTIONS, AND RESPONSES':

'An affirmation:

Ay köl hi an télûfown.
(I call he on telephone.)
' .'

'A question:

Ay köl hi an télûfown?'
(I call he on telephone?)
' ?'

'A response:

(a) Yes, yu köl hi an télûfown.
(Yes, you call he on telephone.)
' .'

'or',

(b) No, yu nat köl hi an télûfown.
(No, you not call he on telephone.)
' .'

Notice: 'Each question is based on an affirmation. Once the affirmation is identified it can be switched into a question by raising the voice at the end of the sentence. But notice, that the order of the words remains the same in Transitional English.'

'In normal English, the question is': (You go to work

tomorrow?) ' ?'

'The understood affirmation is': (You go to work tomorrow.)

' .'

'The question in Transitional English has the following form': Yu go tu wrk tûmárow?

'All questions that expect a one-word answer, (yes, no), follow this form.'

'Practice the following affirmations by changing them into questions in Transitional English':

• Ay sheyv, wösh, ënd dres in mórning._______________________
  'Example': [Ay sheyv, wösh, ënd dres in mórning?]
  

• Av-ay frend kámed sï ay yéstrdey. _________________________
  

• Yu teyk bëth biför yu go bed.______________________________
  
  VOKÉBYULERI     (VOCABULARY)     'YOUR LANGUAGE (1)'

  ëftr (after), prep. ' '
  bëth (bath), n. ' '
  brash tïth (brush teeth), fr. ' '
  ¥ënûtr (janitor), n. ' '
  déyli (daily), adv. ' '
  du (do), v. ' '
  dyúring (during), prep. ' '
  föl aslïp (fall asleep), fr. ' '
  get ap (get up), fr.' '
  go (go), v. ' '
  hay skül (high school), fr. ' '
  hom (home), n. ' '
  hu (who), pron. ' '
  kámûdi (comedy), n. ' '
  kwit (quit), v. ' '
  lïv (leave), v. ' '
  mast (must), v. ' '
  méybi (maybe), adv. ' '
  nyüspeypr (newspaper), n. ' '
  o'klák (o'clock), fr. ' '
  párdn (pardon), n. ' '
  príntsipl (principal), n. ' '
  rïd (read), v. ' '
  rutïn (routine), n. ' '
  sheyv (shave), v. ' '
  shat (shut), v. ' '
  stádi (study), v. ' '
  stúdûnt (student), n. ' '
  sup (soup), n. ' '
  teyk bëth (take bath), fr. ' '
  tel (tell), v. ' '
  télûvizhn (television), n. ' '
  tïchr (teacher), n. ' '
  típikl (typical), adj. ' '
  tüthpeyst (toothpaste), n. ' '
  ûrli (early), adv. ' '
  wach (watch), v. ' '
  wrk (work), n. ' '

  ---

  DÁYALOG (DIALOGUE)	'TITLE IN YOUR LANGUAGE'
  Déyli rutïn (Daily routine)	[' ']
  Mayk.--Tel ay wat yu du dyúring típikl wrk dey. (Tell I what you do during typical work day.)	' .'
  Bäb.--Wel, ay get ap ët siks o'klák in mórning; ay sheyv, wösh, dres; go tu kíchn, ït brékfûst, ënd go wrk. (Well, I get up at six o'clock in the morning, I shave, wash, dress; go to kitchen, eat breakfast, and go to work.)	' .'
  Mayk.--Häw yu go wrk? (How you go work?)	' ?'
  Bäb.-- Ay go tu bas stap kech bas for wrk. Ay wrk in hay skül. Ay bï ¥ënûtr. (I go to the bus stop to catch the bus for work. I work in [the] high school. I be janitor.)	' .'
  Mayk.--Yu layk av-yu wrk? (You like of-you work?)	' ?'
  Bäb.--Ay layk it. It bï gud wrk. (I like it. It be good work.)	' .'
  Mayk.--Hu yu sï ët wrk? (Who you see at work?)	' ?'
  Bäb.--Ay sï stúdûnts, tïchrs, príntsipl av skûl. (I see students, teachers, principal of school....)	' ....'
  Mayk.--Wen yu kvit wrk? (When you quit work?)	' ?'
  Bäb.--Ay kwit wrk ët 4 o'klák. Ëftr stúdûnts ënd tïchrs lïv skül ënd go hom. (I quit work at 4 o'clock. After students and teachers leave school and go home.)	' .'
  Mayk.--Wat yu du wen yu get hom? (What you do when you get home?)	' ?'
  Bäb.--Ay rïd nyúspeypr, dhen ït sápr; wach télûvizhn.(I read newspaper, then eat supper; watch television.)	' .'
  Mayk.--Häw mach áwrs yu wach TV? (How much hours you watch TV?)	' ?'
  Bäb.--Oh, méybi tu or thri áwrs. Ay layk wach nyus ënd kámûdi. (Oh, maybe two or three hours. I like to watch news and comedy.)	' .'
  Mayk.--Wat yu du ëftr dhet? (What you do after that?)	' ?'
  Bäb.--Ay shat TV, teyk bëth, put an av-ay pû¥émûs, go tu bed ënd stádi Ínglish. (I shut [the] TV, take a bath, put on of-I pajamas, go to bed and study English.)	' .'
  Mayk.--Wen yu föl aslïp? (When you fall asleep?)	' ?'
  Bäb.--Ay föl aslïp aráwnd ten o'klák. Ay mast get ap ûrli agén for wrk tumárow. (I fall asleep around ten o'clock. I must get up early again for work tomorrow.)	' .'
  Mayk.--Thënk yu. Gud nayt.(Thank you. Good night.)	' .'

  ---

  'THE RELATIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS'

  'A relative pronoun is one that refers to an antecedent in the same sentence. The antecedent can be a person or thing, and it can be singular or plural. The relative pronoun remains the same for all cases. Hu refers to persons, while dhet can refer both to persons or things. The latter therefore is preferable in Transitional English.'

  'Persons'	'Persons and things'
  hu (who), ' '	dhet (that), ' '

  'EXAMPLES':

  A. 'Singular antecedent'

  1) Pr'sûn hu kam bï töl. (Person who come be tall.) ' .'

  2) Buk dhet bï an téybl bï av-ay. (Book that be on table be of-I.) ' .'

  B. 'Plural antecedent [the relative pronouns do not change].'

  1) Pr'sûns hu kam bï töl. (Persons who come be tall.) ' .'

  2) Buks dhet bï an téybl bï av-ay. (Books that be on table be of I.) ' .'

  ---

  'THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES, as all other adjectives, remain without change both for singular and plural:'

  Singular	Plural
  dhis (this), ' '	dhis (these), ' '
  dhet (that), ' '	dhet (those), ' '

  'EXAMPLES':

  'Singular'	'Plural'
  Dhis buk bï av-ay.	Dhis buks bï av-ay.
  (This book be of I.)	(These books be of I.)
  ' .'	' .'

  'THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. The demonstrative adjective becomes a pronoun simply by adding the word wan (one) ' 'after the adjective for the singular and the word wans (ones) ' ' for the plural.'

  'Singular'	'Plural'
  dhis wan (this one), ' '	dhis wans (these ones), ' '
  dhet wan (that one), ' '	dhet wans (those ones), ' '

  'EXAMPLES of 1) adjectives and 2) demonstrative pronouns':

  'Singular'

  1) Dhis buk bï av-ay. (This book be of I.) ' .'

  2) Dhis wan bï av-ay. (This one be of I.) ' .'
   

  1) Dhet buk bï av-yu. (That book be of you.) ' .'

  2) Dhet wan bï av-yu. (That one be of you.) ' .'

  'Plural'

  1) Dhis buks bï av-ay. (These books be of I.) ' .'

  2) Dhis wans bï av-ay. (These ones be of I.) ' .'

  1) Dhet buks bï av-yu. (Those books be of you.) ' .'

  2) Dhet wans bï av-yu. (Those ones be of you.) ' .'

  

  'EXERCISES (1-15)': 'In the following exercise, do not answer the questions, simply translate them into Transitional English. First, we provide the question, or statement, in your language, then as an aid, we provide the equivalent in English orthography. Please, write the equivalent form in Transitional English. Compare your answers with those on the following page.'

  1. '{Translator, place equivalent in your language here}?' (When you get up?)

  2. ' ?' (What work you do?)

  3. ' .' (I be janitor. I work in [a] high school.)

  4. ' .' (After I get up, I shave, wash, dress, and I eat breakfast.)

  5. ' .' (I comed home late because I worked one hour more.)

  6. ' .'(In [the] high school, I see students and teachers, besides [the] principal of [the] school.)

  7. ' .' (I go [to the] bus stop, and I take [the] bus [to] come home.)

  8. ' .' (After I eat supper, I read newspaper, and watch television for two hours.)

  9. ' .' (Of-I good friend comed [to] see I, and he also watched television with I).

  10. ' ?' (When you take bath, and when you read book?)

  ---

  'ANSWER IN TRANSITIONAL ENGLISH. In this exercise, please do write the answers to the questions in full sentences, not merely yes or no: You can unite negative statements with negations by the use of bat (but) ' ': Hi nat ït brékfûst naw, bat hi ït sápr. (He not eat breakfast now, but he eat supper.) ' .' As an aid, the questions are given in your language within square brackets. Compare your answers with those supplied below.'

  11. Yu kwit wrk ët wan o'klák? '[ ?]' (Example: No, ay nat kwit wrk ët wan o'klák, bat ët for. Ay kwit wrk ët for o'klák.)

  12. Wat yu layk wach an télûvizhn--nyus or kámûdi? '[ ?]'

  13. Hu yu sï wen yu wrk in hay skül? '[ ?]'

  14. Wat yu ït for sápr? '[ ?]'

  15. Párdn ay, kën yu tel ay wër bas stap bï? '[ ?]'

  

  'ANSWERS (1-15)':

  1. Wen yu get ap?
  2. Wat wrk yu du (hëv)?
  3. Ay bï ¥ënûtr. Ay wrk in hay skül.
  4. Ëftr ay get ap, ay sheyv, wösh, dres, ënd ay ït brékfûst.
  5. Ay kámed hom leyt biköz ay wr'ked wan áwr mör.
  6. In hay skül ay sï stúdûnts ënd tïchrs, bisáyds príntsipl av skül.
  7. Ay go [tu] bas stap ënd ay teyk bas [tu] kam hom.
  8. Ëftr ay ït sápr, ay rïd nyúspeypr, ënd wach télûvizhn for tu áwrs.
  9. Av-ay gud frend kámed sï ay, ënd hi ólso wáched télûvizhn with ay.
  10. Wen yu teyk bëth, ënd wen yu rïd buk?
  11. No, ay nat kwit wrk ët wan o'klák, bat ët for. Ay kwit wrk ët for o'klák.
  12. Ay layk wach nyus ënd kámûdi.
  13. Ay sï stúdûnts ënd tïchrs, ënd príntsipl.
  14. Ay ït sup ënd séndwich for sápr.
  15. Yes, yu go dawn strït, trn left, ënd dhër it bï an kórnr.

  

  'Here's a test of the alphabet in Transitional English. From memory, please write out the alphabet -- 10 letters per line. Avoid writing ADDITIONAL letters, which are NOT found in the Transitional English alphabet.'

  'The names of the vowels derive from their sounds, a e i o u. How do they compare with the vowels in your language? The names of the consonants are made up of the consonantal sound to which is added the vowel i. Some symbols have special values: the ch=chi [it is an affricate, unvoiced palatal, beginning as a t and ending as a sh], dh=dhi [the dh is pronounced with the point of the tongue placed between the front incisors; it is an interdental, voiced, fricative sound], ¥=¥i [the ¥ is the voiced counterpart of ch; th=thi [the th is the unvoiced counterpart of dh; it is an interdental, unvoiced, fricative.]'

  'It is important to bear in mind that Transitional English is written phonetically, with very few exceiptions, which are indicated as they appear.'

  'Practice spelling out your name and address as if talking to a new friend.'

  'Once again, here we provide the Transitional English alphabet along with their names: a, bi, chi, ¥i [dzhi], di, dhi [this is an interdental sound], e, fi, gi [gui], hi, ji, i, ki, li, mi, ni, o, pi, ri, si, shi, ti, thi [an unvoiced interdental], u, vi, wi, yi, zi, zhi [sounding as the French g in Gigi].'

  'Important Note:The system of pronouns in Transitional English is radically different from Standard English. All pronouns are reduced to only their basic nominatve [subject of a sentence] form. This form is used not only as subject but also as indirect amd direct objects, as well as object of a preposition and to indicate possessioon. This is similar to the system in Mandarin Chinese.'

  'One of the principal goals of this experiment is to simplify the English grammar, involving its syntax, and especially its irregularities in pronouns and verbs, which constitute some of the most difficult aspects of learning to speak in English. The regularization and simplification of these forms avoids a great deal of frustration.'

  

  'Study the VOCABULARY below and then do the translation exercise from your language into Transitional English. The Standard English equivalents in parentheses are given as help in preparing your translations.'

  VOKÉBYULERI     (VOCABULARY)     'EQUIVALENT IN YOUR LANGUAGE (2)'

  ólso (also), adv. ' '		nathélthi (sick person), fr. ' '
  or (or), conj. ' '		methûmétiks (mathematics), n. ' '
  bélëy (ballet), n. ' '		glowb (world, globe), n. ' '
  bayálû¥i (biology), n. ' '		abáwt (about), prep. ' '
  biköz (because), conj. ' '		proféshn (profession), n. ' '
  évriwan (everyone), pron. ' '		king (king), n. ' '
  dífrnt (different), adj. ' '		stúdûnt (student), n. ' '
  nówbl (noble), adj. ' '		thïm (theme), n. ' '
  bigínr (beginner), n. ' '		faynd (to find), v. ' '
  etsétra (etcetera), n. pl. ' '		howl;l, entáyr (whole, entire), adj. ' '
  kyur (to cure), v. ' '		yunivr'siti (university), n. ' '
  médikl (medical), adj. ' '		pr'sûn (person), n. ' '

  

  'EXERCISES (1-5)': 'Using the VOCABULARY above, please translate the following sentences into Transitional English.'

  1. ' .' (The not-healthy [sick] student write theme about biology.)

  2. ' .' (Everyone be different in university.)

  3. ' .' (King also like ballet.)

  4. ' .' (I will travel around whole globe to cure the sick [not-healthy persons].)

  5. ' .' (Because [the] medical profession be noble.)

  'ANSWERS (1-5)':

  1. Nat-hélthi stúdûnts wrayt thïm abáwt bayálû¥i.
  2. Évriwan bï dífrnt in yunivr'siti.
  3. King ólso layk bélëy.
  4. Ay wil-trëvl aráwnd howl glowb tu_kyur nathélthi pr'sûns.
  5. Biköz médikl proféshn bï nówbl.

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