CF₀/CF₁ ATP Synthase

1)Structure and Components

2)Characteristics

3)Crystal structure

4)Revolving wheel model

5)Ledger sheets

a)H₂O oxidation requirements

b)CO₂ fixation requirements

I)C₃

II)C₄

c)ATP/NADPH

Expressed in molar terms, an Einstein is the amount of energy in Avogadro's number of photons: 

. 

Light driven ATP synthesis, photophosphorylation, is chemiosmotic.  During photosynthesis protons accumulate on the lumen side of thylakoid membranes setting up a proton gradient.  This establishes an electrochemical gradient, or proton-motive force, across the thylakoid membranes providing the energy for ATP synthesis as protons are vectorially transported to the stroma through the ATP synthase complexes.  At least 3 H⁺ must be translocated for every ATP synthesized. The 1^st direct evidence for the chemiosmotic hypothesis was obtained by Jagendorf and Uribe in elegantly simple experiments with isolated chloroplasts.

This is animated in the third figure on Anthonie Muller's page.