Terminology:

Eukaryote

Heterotrophs

Asymmetry

Symmetry

Sessile

Epithelium

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Spongocoel

Choanocytes

Osculum

Amoebocytes

Spicules

Mesenchyme

Sponging

Pore

Flagellum

Polyps

Medusae

Polymorphism

planula

Cnidocytes

Nematocysts

Gastrovascular cavity

Extracellular digestion

gemmules

Radial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

Monoecious

Dioecious

Protostome

Deuterostome

Cellular grade

Cell-Tissue Grade

Tissue-Organ Grade

Organ-System

Sycon

Ascon

Leucon

Hemaphrodite

 

 

Kingdom Animalia:

Main Concepts and Objectives:

    1. Symmetry

      2. None, asymmetrical, radial, or bilateral

    2. Grades or Levels of organization

      3. Acellular -- Protista

      Cellular -- loose aggregation of differentiated cells

      Cell-tissue -- aggregation of cells into differentiated patterns

      Tissue-organ -- tissues organized into simple organs such as muscle

    3. Number of Tissue Layers
    4. Type of Body Cavity (Coelom)

      5. Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, or Eucoelomate

    5. Developmental Patterns
    6. Number of Digestive Openings

      7. Protostomes or Deuterostomes

    7. Segmentation

None or segmented

Kingdom Animalia:

Module 4:

Introduces Kingdom Animalia including

Subkingdom Parazoa

Phyla:

Subkingdom Eumetazoa

Module 5-13 will continue the study of the Subkingdom Eumetazoa

Module 4

Parazoa through Nematoda

  1. Introduction to the Animals (Campbell Ch. 29)

    2. A. Phylogenetic relationships can be demonstrated using particular characteristics of animals- symmetry, developmental patterns, cleavage patterns, fate of the blastopore, larval types, coelom types, number of cell layers, and level of cellular organization.

    Types of Symmetry

    Levels of cellular organization

    Cell layers

    Coelom types

    symmetrical

    radial (biradial)

    bilateral

    acellular

    cellular

    cell - tissue

    tissue - organ

    organ - system

    diploblastic -endoderm and ectoderm

    triploblastic – endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm

     

     

     

    acoelomate

    pseudocoelomate

    eucoelomate

    As you study the animalia, you should devise a chart that includes these characteristics of this kingdom for each organism you study.

     

     

    Part A:

    Objectives for Module 4

    1. Describe how structures specific to poriferans and cnidarians help them survive in their environment and promote their evolutionary persistence.
    2. List the fundamental characteristics of members of phylum Porifera and phylum Cnidaria.
    3. Recognize members of the three major classes of cnidarians.
    4. Describe the body forms of cnidarians and describe reproduction of those species alternating between polyps and medusae.
    5. Compare the feeding methods of sponges and jellyfish.

 

Kingdom Animalia

Subkingdom Parazoa (Campbell p. 594)

Phylum Porifera-

The sponges-

asymmetrical,

cellular grade of organization,

sexual or asexual reproduction

Body types-

Asconoid,

Syconoid and

Leuconoid

Three cell types,

epidermal cells,

amoebocytes &

choanocytes

Subkingdom Eumetazoa

Section Radiata-radial symmetry

Phylum Cnidaria-anemones, jellyfishes etc.

radial symmetry,

cellular-tissue grade of organization,

diploblastic, sexual or asexual reproduction,

planula larva (Campbell p. 596)

Note: Classes are defined by whether the polyp or medusa is the predominate stage

Class:

      1. Hydrozoa-polyp and medusa (hydroids)
      2. Scyphozoa-medusa dominant (jellyfishes)
      3. Anthozoa-polyps only (anemones and corals)

probably the most evolutionarily advanced form because of the highly evolved gastrovascular cavity (GVC) and specialized way of life, live symbiotically with micro-algae

Phylum Ctenophora- comb jellies(Campbell p. 599)

biradial symmetry (because of the 2 tentacles),

cell-tissue grade of organization,

use coeloblasts for food capture, lack nematocysts

have a complete digestive system, (sort of...)

ciliated comb plates-from which name is derived, fntc. locomotive,

 

 

Part B: Bilateria

Objectives:

    1. Describe how structures specific to platyhelminthes and nematodes help them survive in their environment and promote their environment and promote their evolutionary persistence.
    2. Describe the general morphology of flatworms in phylum Platyhelminthes and roundworms in phylum Nematoda
    3. List common characteristics between the phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematoda and the phyla Porifera and Cnidaria
    4. List characteristics of flatworms and roundworms that are more advance than those of more primitive phyla
    5. List examples of roundworms and examples of each major class of flatworms.

 

  1. Review

 

Types of Symmetry

Levels of cellular organization

Cell layers

Coelom types

symmetrical

radial (biradial)

bilateral

acellular

cellular

cell - tissue

tissue - organ

organ - system

diploblastic -endoderm and ectoderm

triploblastic – endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm

 

 

acoelomate

pseudocoelomate

eucoelomate

 

The Bilateria -- bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

Acoelomates (lack a body cavity)

Bilateral symmetry

Triploblastic and

Tissue-organ grade organization (epidermis, mesoderm, gastrodermis)

Phylum Platyhelminthes-Flat worms

Tissue-organ grade of organization

Innovations!

Nervous "system"

Cephalization- Development of the nervous system at one end of the animal.

Muscles

Reproduce Asexually or Sexually -- mostly monoecious (Campbell p. 599)

Dorsoventrally compressed

Incomplete Digestive System, Respire by Diffusion,

Protostomes-one opening

Excretory System- Flame bulb cells

 
      1. Class Turbellaria -- Planarians

        2. ---Free-living-(that is, not parasitic) Freshwater, Marine and Terrestrial

        ---No suckers

        ---Undivided body

        ---GVC- gastrovascular cavity

      2. Class Trematoda -- Flukes

        3. ---Parasitic

        ---Ventral suckers

        ---Undivided body

        ---Reduced GVC

        ---Most are hermaphroditic (Monoecious-They have both male and female sexual organs)

      3. Class Cestoda -- tapeworms

---Parasitic -- no mouth-,no digestive system

---Body divided into proglottids

---Scolex (a specialized proglottid)

Multiple host and stage life cycles

 

 

Pseudocoelomates

Complete digestive system

Organ system level of organization

Simple blood-vascular system

Body covered with a cuticle

Phylum Rotifera- (a.k.a. wheel animals) (Campbell p. 602)

---Excretion by flame bulb cells

---Respire by diffusion

Phylum Nematoda-round worms (Campbell p. 602)

Example: Ascaris

---Intestinal parasite of mammals (pigs, horses and humans). Introduced by ingesting eggs of nematods on contaminated food.

---free living or parasitic, can live in a wide variety of habitats

---Dioecious -- They have separate sexes, like us (be able to tell male from female)

---Important in soil for nutrient cycling

excretory system of renette cells

How can you differentiate a male from a female organism?

Dissecting vs. Compound Microscope

Today’s Lab: Slides and live specimens. Be sure to look at the dissections before they get dried out. When looking at the fasciola slide, use a DISSECTING microscope, because the slide is too thick for the compound scope.