Laboratory 1 Report Chemosynthesis

Name Section

Hypothesis/ Introduction

Given the conditions of primitive earth, such as a reducing atmosphere, energy from ultraviolet radiation, and the presence of H₂, methane, ammonia, water, and formaldehyde simple biological monomers such as amino acids could have been formed. These simple monomers with the addition of heat energy, such as from volcanic activity could then form polymers such as polypeptides.

Data and Observations:

Part A Chromatography Results: If there is no stain there is no R.F. value.

Distance to solvent front from baseline (mm)

* May have more than one amino acid.

B. Polymer Synthesis: Polypeptides

Conclusions:

Lab Report 2 Biochemistry of Milk Parts I &II

Introduction (Hypothesis)

Data and Observations:

A. Analysis of Fraction 1

Sudan IV Test Results

Thin Layer Chromatogram Drawing

Biuret Test Results:

Carbohydrate Analysis

Chromatography Results:

Distance to solvent Front (mm)

Conclusions:

Lab Report 3 Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics

Name Section

Hypothesis/Introduction

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks bonds in starch to form glucose. It is found in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria, to humans. Since amylase is protein enzyme it should behave in a predictable way to pH, temperature, enzyme concentration in relation to substrate concentration as other enzymes that are proteins. In addition it should also have an optimal pH and temperature based on its protein properties and the organism that utilizes it.

Data and Observations:

Effects of Enzyme Concentration

Effects of Temperature on reaction Rate of Amylase at a Concentration of %

Effects of pH on Reaction Rate of Amylase at a concentration of %

Attached: 3 Graphs of the above three tables with the y-axis reaction rate and the x-axis is graph: 1. enzyme concentration, 2. Temperature, and 3. pH.

Conclusions:

Enzyme Inhibition: The Effects of Malonate on Succinyldehydrogenase

Introduction/Hypothesis

During the Kreb's Cycle in cellular respiration the enzyme succinyl-dehrogenase converts succinate to fumarate and yields energy by converting FAD to FADH₂. As in many enzymatic reactions there is feedback control and malonate is suspected to be an inhibitor of this reaction. Since it is similar in structure to fumerate, I postulate that it will act as a competitive inhibitor by binding to the active site on the enzyme. The reaction rate will be affected mainly by the concentrations of the substrate and the inhibitor. If it is a noncompetitive inhibitor the reaction rate would be most affected by enzyme and inhibitor concentration as it would be binding to a different site on the enzyme. To test this we will use isolated ruptured mitochondria from germinating peas, which have a large number of active mitochondria.

Data and Observations:

Comparison of tube color: no blue to most blue. Tube # and time it went colorless min.

Conclusions:

Lab Report 4 Cells and Transport

Name Section .

Introduction and Hypothesis

Data and Observations

A. Diffusion Rates

Observations

B. Osmosis (Water 1 ml/gram)

C. Movement Across a Semipermeable Membrane

Outside the Sac Inside the Sac

Conclusions:

Lab Report 5 Respiration

Name Section .

Introduction/ Hypotheses:

A. Oxygen Consumption in Plants and Animals

B. Effect of Substrate on Respiration in Yeast

Data and Observations:

A. Oxygen Consumption in Plants & Animals

Oxygen Reading in ppm at time (min)

Total Oxygen Consumption

Conclusions:

B. The Effect of Substrate on Respiration in Yeast

Data & Observations:

Level of Fluid in tube (mm)

*NutriSweet

Conclusions:

Lab Report 6 Photosynthesis

Name Section .

Introduction/ Hypothesis

The absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments should demonstrate the actual wavelengths (nm) of light utilized by the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. This should be verified by the actual action spectrum using live chloroplasts and an indicator dye that is reduced by H⁺ ions during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

A. Data and Observations: Absorption Spectrum Analysis

1. Observations on the Four Pigments:

(color and movement during chromatography )

2. Spectrum Analysis of the Four Pigments

See Attached graph of absorbence spectrum data (y-axis = absorbence, x-axis = wavelength (nm) )

B. Action Spectrum Analysis of Living Isolated Chloroplasts

(The light filter only lets light of that wavelength to pass through to the

chloroplasts)

Conclusions:

Lab Report Module 11 Natural Genetic Engineering

Name Section .

Introduction/ Hypothesis:

Data and Observations:

Genetic Engineering Data Table (Number and appearance of colonies)

Conclusions:

Modules 9 & 10 Lab Reports Drosophila Genetics I & II

Name Section .

Introduction/Hypothesis:

With its four large chromosomes and quick generation time Drosophila melanogaster should be a very useful organism for genetic studies. Our research will show that given recessive mutations for monohybrid, dihybrid, sex linked and autosomal linkage will behave as a good model for genetic research. By using a known marker we should be able to determine which chromosome a recessive allele is on. The traits we have chosen are: autosomal monohybrid , autosomal dihybrid , sex linked . In addition we will be determining which chromosome our autosomal mutation is on. We further believe that black body and vestigial wings are possibly linked. Analysis of crosses should illustrate this and tell us how many map units they are part. Data will be analyzed using the standard Chi- Square Test (X²).

Data and Observations:

I. Sex Linkage

Mutation P₁ Female X wild type male Date mated:

F₁ Observed data combined counts from the entire section. Date counted:

Expected phenotypic ratio: .

Expected Number of Flies based on total flies observed

Chi- Square Results

Degrees of freedom = 1

X² =

Probability =

F₂ Generation Sex Linked Data Counts F₁ female X F₂ Male Date mated:

Observed Data Entire Section's Counts Date Counted:

Expected phenotypic ratio: .

Expected Number of Flies Based on Total F₂ Counts

Chi Square Analysis Results:

Degrees of Freedom . X² = .Probability = .

II. Data Monohybrid Inheritance

Mutation P₁ Female X Wild Male Date mated:

F₁ Generation expected and observed phenotypic ratios: all wild

F₂ Generation Counts Monohybrid F₁ female X F₁ male Date mated:

Observed F₂ Data Entire Section's Counts Date counted:

Expected phenotypic ratio: .

Expected Number Based on F₂ Counts

Chi Square Analysis Results:

Degrees of Freedom = 1 X² = Probability = .

III. Data Dihybrid Inheritance

Mutations P₁ Female X wild type male Date mated:

F₁ female X F₁ male Date mated: F₁ phenotypes all wild

Observed F₂ Generation Data Dihybrid Section's Counts Date counted:

Expected phenotypic ratio: .

Expected number of Flies Based on Total F₂ Counts

Chi Square Analysis results:

Degrees of Freedom = X² = . Probability = .

IV. Marker Determination of the Location of the Autosomal Monohybrid Mutation

B- .

Phenotypic Counts F₁ Data from P₁ Virgin female X marker male

Phenotypes of F₁ male .X virgin mutant female .

F₂ Phenotypic Data Section's Counts

V. Data Autosomal Linkage of Black Body and Vestigial Wings

Number of Flies Per Phenotype

Number Expected without Crossing Over Based on actual totals

% recombinants . Estimated Map Distance .

Conclusions: Modules 9 & 10 Drosophila Genetics

Lab Report Module 12 Human DNA Fingerprinting of an Alu Insertion in TPA- 25

Introduction/Hypothesis ( Should deal the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the presence or absence of the Alu TPA-25 insertion in your small section population and the entire larger population of Bio 151 and their comparison to the expected frequencies. Affect of size on Hardy- Weinberg calculations. Expected genotypic frequencies for the U.S. are as follows: homozygous present (+/+) 20.25%, heterozygous (+/-) 49.50%, and homozygous absent (-/-) 30.25%.)

Data and Observations: Number of Individuals

Expected frequencies of the Alu genotypes: +/+ = 0.2025, +/- = 0.4950, and -/- = 0.3025.

The Results of Calculations of the Genotypic Frequencies of Alu Insertion

The Results of Calculating the Allelic Frequencies

Genetic Frequency Data and Chi Square Results

Conclusions: