Lecture I: Introduction to Plant Development:

alternation of generations sporophytic gametophytic

meiosis mitosis haploid

diploid microspore megaspore

dominant recessive

dual fertilization SAM RAM

anticlinal periclinal

preprophase band totipotent plasmodesmata

Lecture II: Introduction to Tissues and Cell Types:

primary growth secondary growth meristem

protoderm procambium ground meristem

vascular cambium cork cambium xylem

phloem initials and derviatives

differentiation morphogenesis ground tissue

vascular tissue dermal tissue simple tissue

complex tissue parenchyma collenchyma

sclerenchyma epidermis chlorenchyma

aerenchyma fibers sclerids

lignin tracheary elements (tracheids and vessel elements)

perforation plate pits sieve cells

sieve tube member primary and secondary cell wall

P-protein companion cell periderm

Lecture III: Cell Division, Expansion, and Communication:

formative cell division proliferative division mitogen

cyclin-dependent kinase cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor

cellulose terminal rosette microfibrils isotropic growth

polymer creep hemicellulose xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase (XET)

expansin endo-glycosylase (EGase) pectin middle lamella

methyl esterified pectin pectin methyl esterase (PME)

polygalacturonase (PG) extensin acid growth

primary, unbranched plasmodesmata secondary, branched plasmodesmata

Symplastic domains cell ablation size exclusion limits (SEL)

cytoplasmic sleeve microchannels movement proteins

Central cavity Extracellular sphincter desmotubule

Apoplast: E. Münch suggested that the xylem elements and the interconnecting cell walls of the plant be considered as a continuum. He named this space within the plant the apoplast.

Symplast: Conversely, the continuum defined by the living cytoplasm of an assemblage of cells that are interconnected by plasmodesmata is called the symplast. The symplast does or does not include the vacuole depending on the author.

Lecture IV and V: Embryogenesis:

Lecture VI: Endosperm Development:

Lecture VII: Apomixix and Somatic Embryogenesis:

Lecture VIII: Seed and Fruit Development:

maturation desiccation anhydrobiosis orthodox seeds

Recalcitrant seeds monocotyledones dicotyledones

scutellum endosperm co-translationally

Testa endospermic seeds aleurone layer

Storage protein oligomers signal peptide

protein body unit membrane Golgi apparatus

protein storage vacuoles proplastids free fatty acid

triglycerides oleosomes amylose

amylopectin amyloplast phytin

globoid anhydrobiosis

Parthenocarpic carpel pseudocarpic fruit pericarp

Phytosterols hydroxy-methyl CoA reductase (HMGR)

An antiquated protein classification system but that is still in use today to describe storage proteins according to their solubility.

Albumins: Proteins that freely dissolve in water.

Globulins: Proteins that dissolve in buffers of high ionic strength but not water.

Prolamins: Proteins that dissolve in aqueous alcohol (70-90% v/v).

Glutelins: Proteins that dissolve in dilute buffers of either high or low pH.

DO NOT get the signal peptide of proteins destined for an intra- or inter-cellular compartment other than the chloroplast confused with a transit peptide that is used to place proteins in the chloroplast.

Three free fatty acids that serve as the structural basis for most (all?) seed storage lipids.

Palmitate (16:0)

Stearate (18:0)

Oleate (18:1)

Four major forms of polysaccharide deposited as a seed storage reserve include starch, fructan, galactomannan, and xyloglucan.

Phytin is a water-insoluble accumulation of a mixed salt of magnesium, calcium, and potassium ionically bound to myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid (phytic acid).

There are usually three periods or phases of fruit growth; 1) fruit set; 2) cell division and, 3) cell elongation.

There is a general observation that the number of fertilized ovules within a fruit controls the initial rate of cell division in the ovary.

Lecture IX and X: Dormancy and Germination:

quiescent dormant Hypogeal Epigeal Imbibition

lag phase expansion of the embryo phaseic acid

Seed water uptake can be divided into three stages

Imbibition phase

lag phase

radicle elongation phase

S = Svedberg Unit, the rate of sedimentation of a macromolecule in a centrifugal field. Named for the Swedish physical chemist that invented the ultracentrifuge.

Escape time is the duration necessary for Pfr to effect dormancy alleviation after which photoreversion to the Pr from is inconsequential since seed dormancy has already been alleviated.

Lectures XI and XII: Trichome, Stomatal, and Vascular Tissue Development:

Subsidiary cells Stomatal initials guard mother cell stomatal initials

primary meristemoid cells secondary (satellite) meristemoid cells

stomatal twinning abaxial adaxial sympodial bundles

provascular tissue vascular cambium protophloem metaphloem

midvein veinlets areole freely ending veinlets

intramarginal vein striate venation pattern commissural veins

anastomose ontogeny acropetal intercalary growth basipetal

Canalization of signal flow:

Diffusion-reaction prepattern:

• Assimilate flow rate through the sieve elements is estimated at 40 cm/hr.

• There are thought to be two types of phloem loading, apoplastic and symplastic.

• Sieve elements develop hydrostatic pressures in excess of 30 atmospheres.

• A cell that has been genetically programmed to die a physiological death undergoes apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD). Cells undergoing apoptosis are characterized by cell volume loss, plasma membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, and endonucleolytic degradation of DNA at discrete intervals.

• Dramatically traumatized cells such as those suffering sever wounding or other overwhelming stress undergo necrosis, a non-physiological death involving cell swelling, eventual lysis, and the leakage of the cell contents into the intercellular space.

• Xylem cells of the desert perennial the creosote bush develop NEGATIVE hydrostatic pressures of up to -8.0 MPa.

Protoxylem Xylem sieve pores symplastic

Protophloem Phloem syncytium apoplastic

Metaxylem Zinnia elegans phloem mother cell aphid stylets

Metaphloem assimilate companion cell Sieve element

polymer-trapping hypothesis sieve element reticulum, SER

P-protein sieve tube exudate proteins, STEPS xylogenisis

tracheary element, TE transdifferentiation cambial tissue Apoptosis

Stage I: de-differentiation Stage II: Restriction of developmental potential

Tracheary element differentiation-related genes, TEDs necrosis

Stage III: TE specific development programmed cell death

Lecture XIII: Root Development:

Formative cell division Proliferative cell division promeristem

quiescent center stele pericycle endodermis cortex

epidermis lateral root cap columellar root cap cell ablation

trichoblasts

The pattern of epidermal cell differentiation (trichoblast or atrichoblast) appears random.

Epidermal cell fate appears to be linked to asymmetric cell division with the larger daughter cell remaining an atrichoblast and the smaller developing into a trichoblast. This group includes many monocots.

Epidermal cells positioned in the crevice between underlying cortex cells (situated over an anticlinal division of underlying cortical cells) while atrichoblasts form from epidermal cells positioned on top of cortical cells (situated outside a periclonal division of underlying cortical cells).

Lecture XIV: SAM and Initiation of Organs:

Lecture XV: Juvenile and Adult Vegetative Development:

Lecture XVI and XVII: Transition to Reproductive Development:

vegetative meristem inflorescence meristem flower meristems

anlagen phyllotaxy determinacy primordia imperfect flowers

perfect flowers dioecious monoecious

Plastochron: The duration of the time from the initiation of one leaf to the initiation of the next. Leaf here can be substituted with flower or any other organ arising peripherally from a meristem in a regular fashion.

Florigen/antiflorigen hypothesis: The plant produces either a yet to be discovered stimulatory or repressive compound in response to conditions favorable or unfavorable to flowering, respectively.

Nutrient diversion hypothesis: A favorable flowering environment is any environment that increases the amount of photoassimilate available to the shoot apical meristem, converting it to an inflorescence meristem.

Multifactorial control hypothesis: Combinations of assimilate and known phytohormones act synergistically to induce flowering whenever environmental cues alter assimilate and hormonal ratios such that they are favorable for the transition to flowering.

Lecture XVIII and XIX: Flower Development:

Lecture XX and XXI: Gamete Development:

Sporophytic cells tapetal initial sporogenous initial (Pollen mother cell)

pollen tetrad genetically effective cells (GECs) anthers

filament androecium microsporangia stamens sepal

gynoecium microspores generative cells vegetative cell intine

exine sporopollenin bicellular tricellular endothecium

stomium circular cell cluster (CCC) theca pistal

gametophytic SI system sporophytic SI system S-haplotype

S-locus glycoprotein S-locus receptor kinase Class I responses

Class II responses tryphine cleistogamy

Sporophytic self-incompatibility: This system is dependent on the ability of the pistal to differentiate between pollen produced by the same plant or genetically related plant and pollen from a plant, of the same species, that is not genetically related. Typically this inhibition is rapid resulting in the inability of the genetically related pollen to complete germination on the stigma. The phenotype of the pollen is determined sporophytically by the diploid genome of the parent plant.

Gametophytic self-incompatibility: In this system fertilization does not occur any time the S-allele of the gamete matches an active S-allele of the plant to be fertilized. Typically, the pollen complete germination on the stigma but at some point as the pollen tube traverses the transmitting tissue, its progress is terminated and the pollen tube dies, probably through uptake of RNases present on the stigma and in the style.