1) If you increase the enzyme concentration for an enzymatically catalyzed reaction...
A) the Vmax increases
B) the Km increases
C) the Vmax decreases
D) the Km decreases
E) both the Km and Vmax increase
2) The principle of structure-function relationships refers to...
A) a "structured" set of steps which must be followed for a function to be performed.
B) structures which are formed by completion of certain functions
C) the idea that function depends upon structure
D) the independence of function from structure
3) NADH & FADH
A) are produced during anaerobic metabolism
B) are initial carriers in the electron transport chain
C) cannot be oxidized to produce ATP
D) are consumed in the citric acid/Krebs cycle
4) Ion channels show a high degree of specificity based upon
A) the ion’s size
B) how easily the ion sheds its waters of hydration
C) the interaction between the ion and the charges lining the pore of the channel
D) all of the above
5) Animal welfare and decisions regarding it
A) are key concerns to scientists
B) are basically left to the better judgement of individual investigators
C) are not controversial
D) limit a scientist’s ability to run meaningful, well designed studies
6) Conformers
A) can live for long periods of time in a wide range of environmental conditions
B) maintain internal conditions using a variety of mechanisms
C) can change their body shape to fit in their environment
D) allow the environment to determine an aspect of their internal conditions
7) Cells are able to communicate directly with each other via
A) tight junctions
B) gap junctions
C) carrier proteins
D) nothing. Cells cannot communicate directly.
8) Active transport
A) cannot be inhibited
B) always carries substances in the same direction
C) is not affected by temperature or pH
D) can perform electrical work
9) structure of a protein is dependent upon electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and disulfide links.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) all of the above
E) b and c
10) An exothermic/exergonic reaction
A) requires energy to run to completion
B) involves a decrease in entropy
C) consumes heat during a reaction
D) liberates heat while running to completion
E) always involves a greater change in heat than in enthalpy
11) Negative feed-back processes
A) amplify biological signals
B) aid in homeostasis
C) are activated only when large changes occur
D) are often seen in pathological conditions such as cancer
12) is the common energy "currency" of the cell.
A) glucose
B) amino acids
C) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
D) Adneosine triphosphate (ATP)
E) Nucleotides
13) Water is most commonly transported transcellularly by
A) carrier mechanisms
B) water doesn’t travel transcellularly
C) osmotic gradients
D) water pumps
14) The biological molecules with the greatest energy density are
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic Acids
15) Drugs are often linked to non-electrolytes because
A) high membrane selectivity will ensure the drug only affects certain cells/tissues
B) kids like the taste of non-electrolytes better than electrolytes
C) they can diffuse directly through the skin into the body
D) they increase the affinity of the drug for its receptor
16) Exocytosis
A) is commonly used in neural transmission
B) involves the gathering of receptors in coated pits
C) occurs without regulation or coordination
D) is used to increase the size of the cell membrane
17) If a solution is acidic, then
A) it will have a low H+ concentration
B) it will have a high H+ concentration
C) it will have a high pH
D) its H+ concentration will be less than 10-7
M.
18) The main mechanism for moving ions across membranes is
A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) channels
D) A and B
19) When measuring the metabolic rate per unit of body mass,
A) small animals use more energy
B) large animals use more energy
C) the size of the animal does not matter
D) large animals need more oxygen to maintain their metabolic rate (per
unit body mass)
20) As temperature increases
A) membranes become more viscous
B) membranes don’t change
C) membranes "dissolve"
D) membranes alter their lipid composition
True/False (10 pts) Decide whether each statement is true or
false, and place a T or F in the appropriate blank on the answer form.
21) Fats are a form of stored energy which can be used for short term metabolic needs.
22) Passive transport does not rely upon active transport
23) The August Krogh principle states there is an ideal animal to study for any particular question of interest.
24) The first law of thermodynamics explains why organisms decompose after they die.
25) Adaptation is usually a reversible process.
Fill in the blank (10 pts)
26) is the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment.
27) A is a specific prediction based upon scientific laws and previous studies.
28) The final products in the oxidative pathway are ATP and .
29) The model describes the properties of the lipid bilayer and integrated proteins.
30) is an animal’s metabolism following a brief period of fasting, with
minimal stresses.
Essay questions (20 pts): Answer one essay question
from each pair. Please do not perform a brain dump (ie anything remotely
related to the subject ends up in the essay). Instead carefully read the
question, and respond with relevant information only. These questions should
be answerable with 6-8 sentences maximum.
You have discovered a crashed space ship and a slightly injured alien.
In gratitude for the aid you give the alien after its crash, it agrees
to let you have some tissue specimens and body fluids for your research.
Answer one of the two following questions about the results of your
experiments.
1) The aliens tissue and body fluids are not made from the same elements
as ours. In fact, you discover a multitude of new elements, which you name
Alien Elements 1-35 (AE1-AE35). A few of these elements seem to be essential
for a number of basic structures. Based upon your knowledge of the elements
which are most common in our bodies, hypothesize what two common characteristics
of the essential alien elements might be and why these characteristics
are important.
2)The alien has also given you some of the lining of its gastrointestinal
(GI) tract. Based upon experiments you have run, these cells have highly
selective membranes which only allow the charged alien elements (AE) 3,7,13
and 17 to cross the membrane. All other polar elements remain on their
respective side, and do not cross through the barrier of the GI lining.
Additionally AE 13 will only cross the GI lining from one side and not
the other and only when an adequate supply of alien chemical energy is
available. Based upon your knowledge of membranes and specializations which
occur in them, list at least three different mechanisms which would make
all of this possible.
Choose one of the following questions to answer:
3) Dr. I.M. Rushed has been studying the effects of fear on heart
rate and blood pressure. Based on past literature published by reliable
labs, he hypothesizes that fear will cause both of these variables to rise.
He decides to measure these variables on people who are participating in
the "Run with the Bulls" in Pamplona. They will carry portable blood pressure
meters which will be attached to the blood pressure cuffs. Additionally,
another line will run from the meter to a probe taped to their neck to
measure their pulses. Data will be collected every 10 minutes for an hour
before the run, during the run, and an hour after the run. Based upon your
knowledge of designing and testing a good hypothesis, decide whether or
not this experiment is feasible and well designed. Give two reasons to
back your decision.
4) A student in your lab has been trying to run an enzymatic reaction,
but it continually fails. You suspect pilot error is at fault, and ask
the student questions to try to determine what has gone wrong. List three
questions you will ask the student, and why these questions are important.
(Ex: Did you add enzyme to the reaction? The reaction will not run without
the enzyme, because of the high activation energy which needs to be overcome.
No, you may not use this as one of your reasons.)
In the Mitochondria, where oxidative phosphorylation is taking place,
the movement of electrons from one carrier to next releases energy in discrete
amounts. This energy is ultimately used for ATP production. However, the
energy released form the electrons moving is directly used to pump H ions
from the matrix to the intermembrane space in the mitochondria. Explain
how the cell might take advantage of this for the direct production of
ATP.