Paradigms

P A R A D I G M S
Personal Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Strong Nouns
Weak Nouns
Adjectives
Strong Verbs
Weak Verbs
Anomalous Verbs

Personal Pronouns

First Person Pronoun ic, 'I, we'
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ic	we
Accusative	me	us
Genitive	min	ure
Dative	me	us

Second Person Pronoun þu, 'thou, you'
	Singular	Plural
Nom.	þu	ge
Acc.	þe	eow
Gen.	þin	eower
Dat.	þe	eow

Third Person Pronoun *he, heo, hit; hi*, 'he, she, it; they'
	Masc.	Fem.	Neuter	Plural
Nom.	he	heo	hit	hi
Acc.	hine	hi	hit	hi
Gen.	his	hire	his	hira
Dat.	him	hire	him	him

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Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative *se, seo, þæt; þa*, 'the, that; those'
	Masc.	Fem.	Neuter	Plural
Nom.	se	seo	þæt	þa
Acc.	þone	þa	þæt	þa
Gen.	þæs	þære	þæs	þara
Dat.	þæm	þære	þæm	þam
Inst.	þy/þon		þy/þon

Demonstrative *þes, þeos, þis; þas*, 'this; these'
	Masc.	Fem.	Neuter	Plural
Nom.	þes	þeos	þis	þas
Acc.	þisne	þas	þis	þas
Gen.	þisses	þisse	þisses	þissa
Dat.	þissum	þisse	þissum	þissum
Inst.	þys		þys

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Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative *hwa, hwæt*, 'who, what'
	Masc. and Fem.	Neuter
Nom.	hwa	hwæt
Acc.	hwone	hwæt
Gen.	hwæs	hwæs
Dat.	hwæm	hwæm
Inst.	hwy	hwy/hwon

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Nouns

Strong Masculine Noun *stan*, 'stone'
	Singular	Plural
Nom.	(se) stan	(þa) stanas
Acc.	(þone) stan	(þa) stanas
Gen.	(þæs) stanes	(þara) stana
Dat.	(þæm) stane	(þam) stanum

Strong Neuter Short-stem Noun scip, 'ship'
Singular Plural

Nom. (þæt) scip (þa) scipu

Acc. (þæt) scip (þa) scipu

Gen. (þæs) scipes (þara) scipa

Dat. (þæm) scipe (þam) scipum

Strong Neuter Long-stem Noun word, 'word'
Singular Plural

Nominative (þæt) word (þa) word

Acc. (þæt) word (þa) word

Gen. (þæs) wordes (þara) worda

Dat. (þæm) worde (þam) wordum

Strong Feminine Noun giefu, 'gift'
Singular Plural

Nom. (seo) giefu (þa) giefa

Acc. (þa) giefe (þa) giefa

Gen. (þære) giefe (þara) giefa

Dat. (þære) giefe (þam) giefum

Strong Masculine Noun with i-mutation wifmann, woman'
Singular Plural

Nom. (se) wifmann (þa) wifmenn

Acc. (þone) wifmann (þa) wifmann

Gen. (þæs) wifmannes (þara) wifmanna

Dat. (þæm) wifmenn (þam) wifmannum

Strong Feminine Noun with i-mutation boc, 'book'
Singular Plural

Nom. (seo) boc (þa) bec

Acc. (þa) boc (þa) bec

Gen. (þære) bec/boce (þara) boca

Dat. (þære) bec (þam) bocum

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Weak Masculine Noun cnapa, 'boy, servant'
Singular Plural

Nom. (se) cnapa (þa) cnapan

Acc. (þone) cnapan (þa) cnapan

Gen. (þæs) cnapan (þara) cnapena

Dat. (þæm) cnapan (þam) cnapum

Weak Feminine Noun sunne, 'sun'
Singular Plural

Nom. (seo) sunne (þa) sunnan

Acc. (þa) sunnan (þa) sunnan

Gen. (þære) sunnan (þara) sunnena

Dat. (þære) sunnan (þam) sunnum

Weak Neuter Noun eage, 'eye'
Singular Plural

Nom. (þæt) eage (þa) eagan

Acc. (þæt) eage (þa) eagan

Gen. (þæs) eagan (þara) eagena

Dat. (þæm) eagan (þam) eagum

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Adjectives

Strong Adjective til, 'good'
Masculine Neuter Feminine

Nom. til til tilu

Acc. tilne til tile

Gen. tiles tiles tilre

Dat. tilum tilum tilre

Plural
Nom. tile tilu tile

Acc. tile tilu tile

Gen. tilra, -ena tilra, -ena tilra, -ena

Dat. tilum tilum tilum

Weak Adjective tila, 'good'
Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural

Nom. tila tile tile tilan

Acc. tilan tile tilan tilan

Gen. tilan tilan tilan tilena, tilra

Dat. tilan tilan tilan tilum

Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Comparative Superlative

til tilra tilest

eald ieldra ieldest

lytel læssa læst

god betera/selra betst/selest

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Verbs

Strong Verbs
Class Infinitive 1st Pret. 2nd Pret. Past Part. Gradation
I drifan, drive draf drifon drifen i a i i
II creopan, creep creap crupon cropen eo ea u o
brucan, enjoy breac brucon brocen u ea u o
III bregdan, pull brægd brugdon brogden e æ u o
weorðan, become wearð wurdon worden eo ea u o
feohtan, fight feaht fuhton fohten eo ea u o
helpan, help healp hulpon holpen e ea u o
gielpan, brag gealp gulpon golpen ie ea u o
swincan, work swanc swuncon swuncen i a u u
IV beran, bear bær bæron boren e æ æ o
V tredan, trample træd trædon treden e æ æ e
VI faran, go for foron faren a o o a
VII healdan, hold heold heoldon healden ea eo eo ea
flowan, flow fleow fleowon flowen o eo eo o
lacan, play lec lecon lacen a e e a

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Conjugation of Strong Verbs (swincan, 'to work')
Present Preterit

Indicative

1 sing. swince swanc

2 sing. swincest swunce

3 sing. swinceþ swanc

Plural swincaþ swuncon

Subjunctive

Sing. swince swunce

Plural swincen swuncen

Participles

swincende (ge)swuncen

Imperative

Sing. swinc

Plural swincaþ

Infl. Inf. to swincenne

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Weak Verbs
Class	Infinitive	1st Pret.	Past Part.
1	fremman, do	fremede	(ge)fremed
	nerian, save	nerede	(ge)nered
b	deman, judge	demde	(ge)demed
c	secan, seek	sohte	(ge)soht
	sellan, give	sealde	(ge)seald
	þencan, think	þohte	(ge)þoht
	wyrcan, work	worhte	(ge)worht
2	locian, look	locode	(ge)locod
3	habban, have	hæfde	(ge)hæfd
	libban, live	lifde	(ge)lifd
	secgan, say	sægde	(ge)sægd
	hycgan, think	hogode	(ge)hogod

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Conjugation of Weak 1 and 2 Verbs
Pres. Ind.	1a	1a	1b	2
Infinitive	fremman	nerian	deman	locian
1 sing.	fremme	nerie	deme	locie
2 sing.	fremest	nerest	demest	locast
3 sing.	fremeþ	nereþ	demeþ	locaþ
Plural	fremmaþ	neriaþ	demaþ	lociaþ
Imperative
Sing.	freme	nerie	dem	loca
Plural	fremmaþ	neriaþ	demaþ	lociaþ
Pres. Subj.
Sing.	fremme	nerie	deme	locie
Plural	fremmen	nerien	demen	locien
Pret. Ind.
1 sing.	fremede	nerede	demede	locode
2 sing.	fremedest	neredest	demedest	locodest
3 sing.	fremede	nerede	demede	locode
Plural	fremedon	neredon	demedon	locodon
Pret. Subj.
Sing.	fremede	nerede	demede	locode
Plural	fremeden	nereden	demeden	locoden
Infl. Inf.	to fremmenne	to nerienne	to demenne	to locienne
Pres. Part.	fremmende	neriende	demende	lociende
Past. Part.	(ge)fremed	(ge)nered	(ge)demed	(ge)locod

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Conjugation of *all* Weak 3 Verbs

Infinitive	habban	libban	secgan	hycgan
Pres. Ind.
1 sing.	hæbbe	libbe	secge	hycge
2 sing.	hæfst	lifast	sægst	hycgst
	hafast	leofast	segest	hogast
3 sing.	hæfð	lifað	sægð	hycgð
	hafað	leofað	segð	hogað
Plural	habbað	libbað	secgað	hycgað
		leofað
Imperative
Sing.	hafa	leofa	saga	hyge
			sege	hoga
Plural	habbað	libbbað	secgað	hycgað
		leofað
Pres. Subj.
Sing.	hæbbe	libbe	secge	hycge
Plural	hæbben	libben	secgen	hycgen
Pret. Ind.
Sing.	hæfde	lifde	sægde	hogode
		leofode	sæde
Plural	hæfdon	lifdon	sægdon	hogodon
		leofodon	sædon
Pret. Subj.
Sing.	hæfde	nerede	demede	locode
		leofode	sæde
Plural	hæfden	lifden	sægden	hogoden
		leofoden	sæden

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Conjugation of Anomalous Verbs, *beon / wesan* 'be,' *don* 'do,' *gan* 'go,' and *willan* 'will, wish'

Infinitive	beon, wesan	don	gan	willan
Pres. Ind.
1 sing.	eom	do	ga	wille
	beo
2 sing.	eart	dest	gæst	wilt
	bist
3 sing.	is	deð	gæð	wile
	bið
Plural	sind(on)	doð	gað	willað
	beoð
Imperative
Sing.	wes	do	ga
	beo
Plural	wesað	doð	gað
	beoð
Pres. Subj.
Sing.	sie, beo	do	ga	wille
Plural	sien, beon	don	gan	willen
Pret. Ind.
Sing.	wæs	dyde	eode	wolde
Plural	wæron	dydon	eodon	woldon
Pret. Subj.
Sing.	wære	dyde	eode	wolde
Plural	wæren	dyden	eoden	wolden
Infl. Inf.	to beonne	to donne	to ganne
Pres. Part.	wesende	donde	gande	willende
Past. Part.		(ge)don	(ge)gan

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'Preterit-Present' Verbs

Infinitive	Pres. sing.	Pres. Plu.	Pret. sing.
agan, possess	ah	agon	ahte
unnan, grant	an	unnon	uþe
cunnan, can, know how to	can	cunnon	cuþe
dugan, be of use*	deah	dugon	dohte
durran, dare*	dearr	durron	dorste
gemunan, remember	geman	gemunon	gemunde
magan, be able	mæg	magon	mihte, meahte
motan, may, be allowed to*	mot	moton	moste
(ge)nugan, suffice*	neah	nugon	nohte
sculan, be obliged to*	sceal	sculon	sceolde
þurfan, need	þearf	þurfon	þorfte
witan, know	wat	witon	wiste, wisse

(In terms of frequency, the most important preterit-present verbs are: agan, NE owe; cunnan, NE can; magan, NE may; *motan, NE must; *sculan, NE shall; and witan, archaic NE to wit.)

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