Groundwater Availability
 

Alluvium (Qa)
Topography
Forms narrow floodplains and underlies terraces. At least one well-developed terrace is present along the principal streams of the region.

Hydrology
Where sandy material is present and saturated thickness great enough, alluvium would yield more than 500 gallons per day to screened drilled wells. Water is soft or moderately hard; it may contain large amounts of iron at depth.

Breathitt Group (Pbu, Pbm, Pbl) (Princess Formation, Four Corners Formation, Hyden Formation, Pikeville Formation)
Topography
The topography of the Breathitt is rugged; sandstone forms narrow valleys and cliffs or steep slopes on hillsides and shale forms wide valleys and moderate or gentle slopes on hills. Tops of hills and ridges commonly are capped by sandstone.

Hydrology
The Breathitt yields more than 500 gallons per day to most wells in valley bottoms and almost half the wells on hillsides, and smaller quantities of water to wells on hilltops. Sandstone yields water to most wells. Shale also yields water to many wells, and coal yields water to a few. Near-vertical joints and openings along bedding planes yield most of the water to wells. Waters are highly variable in chemical character. It may contain salty water at depths less than 100 feet below the principal valley bottoms.

Grundy Formation (contains Lee-type sandstone of the former Lee Formation) (Plc)
Topography
Thick, resistant sandstone in the Grundy forms an extensive upland in Morgan County. The upland is highly dissected and is characterized by steep-sided ridges and cliffs 100 to 200 feet high. Waterfalls and rock bridges, such as Natural Bridge and Sky Bridge, are common. Some cliff-forming sandstone paleochannels have been cut through the Paragon Formation into limestone units of Late Mississippian age.

Hydrology
Generally, the Grundy yields more than 500 gallons per day to most of the wells drilled in valley bottoms. It yields more than 500 gallons per day to about half of the wells on hillsides and more than 500 gallons per day to almost three-quarters of the wells on hilltops. It also yields water to small springs. Sandstone is the principal aquifer, but shale yields water to some wells and coal to a few. Vertical joints and openings along bedding planes, best developed in sandstones, supply most of the water to wells. Intergranular openings yield water to joints, and probably directly to some wells. Perched and semiperched water tables are common. Waters are soft to moderately hard, and sometimes contain noticeable amounts of iron.

Slade Formation (Mn)
Topography
Limestone beds in the Slade form steep hillsides and prominent bluffs in sides of ridges and knobs that are capped by Pennsylvanian rocks.

Hydrology
The Slade yields more than 500 gallons per day to over half of the wells drilled in valley bottoms, and to many wells drilled on hills. It yields little water where overlain by Pennsylvanian rocks. The Slade may yield more than 50 gallons per minute to a few wells penetrating large solution cavities in limestone, the most common aquifer. Sandstone and shale yield water from fractures to a few wells. Springs are common, particularly at the head of streams; some springs from solution cavities near stream level flow as much as 100 gallons per minute. Springs have large winter and small summer flows. Water is hard.

Borden Formation (MDbb)
Topography
Shale in the Borden forms dissected slopes, massive siltstone forms cliffs, and limestone forms ledges on shale slopes. The Borden forms broad, flat valleys.

Hydrology
The Borden yields 100 to 500 gallons per day to wells in valley bottoms. It may yield more than 500 gallons per day to drilled wells in broad valley bottoms from fractured sandy rocks near streams. It yields almost no water to wells on hills. Water from wells drilled below stream level may contain salt and sulfate less than 100 feet below the level of the principal valley bottoms. Water from dug wells and small springs is soft and has a low dissolved solids content. Because much of this formation is soft and silty, it has been well suited to the construction of dug wells in the past.

The U.S. Geological Survey's Hydrologic Atlas Series, published cooperatively with the Kentucky Geological Survey, provides hydrologic information for the entire state.

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